Lecture Quiz #1

Question 1

How does the anatomy of a muscle or bone differ from it’s physiology? Which describes appearance and which describes function?

Answer 1

Anatomy is the form, function and structure of the body and it’s parts
Physiology is the function of the body and it’s parts

Question 2

How might abnormalities in an animal’s anatomy or physiology have a negative impact on it’s health and well being?

Answer 2

Abnormalities in anatomy or physiology would throw off homeostasis, the dynamic equilibrium of an organism, and potentially cause the whole organism to fail.

Question 3

How does each of the anatomical planes of references (sagittal, median, transverse and dorsal) divide a cow’s body?

Answer 3

Sagittal - divides rostral through caudal
Median is along the center line
Transverse is cross section dividing head/tail
Dorsal divides ventral from dorsal

Question 4

If you are facing a cat head on, is its left ear on your left or right side?

Answer 4

If I’m facing the cat head on, its left ear is on my right side.

Question 5

Know recumbency terms

Answer 5

Sterna, lateral, dorsal, etc

Question 6

Know joint names

Answer 6

Hip, stifle, knee, hock, elbow, carpus, tarsus

Question 7

Why must the term rostral be used instead of cranial to describe structures on a hedgehog’s head, but the term caudal works just fine?

Answer 7

Rostral referrers to a direction towards the nose, the furthest facial point, on a hedgehog as opposed to cranial which is too vague. Caudal works because it is toward the animal’s tail the furthest point in the back end of the animal.

Question 8

If your left hand is on a goat’s belly and your right hand is on it’s back, which hand is on the animal’s dorsal surface and which is on it’s ventral surface?

Answer 8

Right is on it’s dorsal surface (back)

Left is on it’s ventral surface (belly)

Question 9

The next time you see a dog, differentiate between the medial and lateral surfaces of one of its elbows and the proximal and distal ends of one of its legs.

Answer 9

Ok

Question 10

If you insert a hypodermic needle into a horse’s muscle to give an injection, which end of the needle (tip or hub) is located deep in the muscle and which end is located superficially?

Answer 10

Tip is located deep in the muscle and the hub is superficially located.

Question 11

What surface of a hamster’s front leg is in contact with the ground when it is walking normally? What surface of the hind leg? (palmar or plantar?)

Answer 11

Front leg is palmar

Back leg is plantar

Question 12

According to the principle of bilateral symmetry, single structures in the body are located on or near which anatomical plane of reference?

Answer 12

Median plane

Question 13

Where is the pleura found? The peritoneum?

Answer 13

The pleura is in the thoracic cavity.

The peritoneum

Question 14

What is the difference between the visceral and parietal layer of the pleura and peritoneum?

Answer 14

The visceral layer covers the organs and the parietal layer lines the whole cavity

Question 15

What is homeostasis and how do homeostatic mechanisms influence the health of an animal?

Answer 15

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium in the body.
Together they summarize all the physiological processes that actively maintain balance in the various structures, functions, and properties of the body.

Question 16

What are the four primary types of tissue?

Answer 16

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular and Nervous

Question 17

What are the four primary types of tissue?

Answer 17

Histology is the study of the microscopic structures of tissues and organs.

Question 18

List seven functions performed by epithelial cells.

Answer 18

1) Protects, covers and lines
2) Filters biochemical substances
3) Absorbs nutrients
4) Provides sensory input
5) Manufactures secretions
6) Manufactures excretions

Question 19

What four attributes characterize epithelial tissue in general?

Answer 19

1) They are polar i.e. each has an apical and basal surface
2) They have lateral surfaces that are connected to neighboring cells by junctional complexes
3) They are avascular and rely on underlying connective tissue to provide oxygen and nutrients
4) Most are innervated and provide valuable sensory input.

Question 20

List three types of cellular junctions. Be able to describe them.

Answer 20

Tight Junction
Gap Junction
Desmosome

Question 21

How does the basement membrane act as a partial barrier between the epithelial cell and the underlying connective tissue?

Answer 21

Oxygen and nutrient molecules are supplied to the epithelial cells by diffusing through the basement membrane from capillaries in the underlying connective tissue. Similarly, nutrient substances that are absorbed and waste that is excreted by the epithelium diffuse across the basement membrane into the blood supply of the connective tissue.

Question 22

Why do some epithelial cells have cilia and microvilli? What role do they play? Where are the cells with these specialized surfaces found in the body?

Answer 22

Microvilli increase the surface area of cells and allow more absorption and secretion. They are found on epithelial cells in the intestines and urinary tract. Cilia are found on the free surfaces of cells, usually in the respiratory and urogenital tracts. Ciliary movement occurs in coordinated “beats” which enable the efficient transport of material. In the trachea, cilia help propel mucus and debris up and away from the lungs toward the mouth. In the uterine tube, the beating motion of cilia encourages newly released ova into the oviduct, or infundibulum.

Question 23

Epithelial tissue is characterized as simple, stratified, or pseudostratified. What does this mean?

Answer 23

Simple is a single layer

Question 24

What are the three basic shapes of epithelial cells?

Answer 24

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

Question 25

What is a gland?

Answer 25

A gland is a cell or group of cells that have the ability to manufacture and discharge a secretion.

Question 26

How did glands develop embryologically?

Answer 26

Multicellular glands form during embryonic development from the infolding of a layer of epithelial cells. Initially, these “invaginations” form ducts and tubules that maintain contact with the surface epithelium. In the course of development, some of the glands lose the ducts and become separated from the parent epithelial sheet. In this way, glands are derived from epithelium.

Question 27

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands? Can you give examples of each?

Answer 27

: Endocrine glands do not have ducts or tubules, and their secretions are distributed throughout the body. They produce and secrete regulatory chemicals known as hormones into the bloodstream or the lymphatic system, where they are carried to many regions of the body. The pituitary gland in the brain and the adrenal gland near the kidney are examples of endocrine glands.
Exocrine glands possess ducts. They are more common than endocrine glands and act by discharging secretions through their ducts directly into local areas, where they may
cover cell surfaces or empty into body cavities. The secretions of exocrine glands act locally and do not normally enter the circulation. Examples include hepatoid, musk, sweat, and salivary glands. Exocrine glands in the liver secrete bile. The pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine glands.

Question 28

Where are goblet cells found? What type of secretion do they produce?

Answer 28

The goblet cell is a modified columnar epithelial cell and is found interspersed among the columnar cells of the respiratory and digestive tracts and in the conjunctiva of the eye. Goblet cells secrete mucin, a thick, sticky mixture of glycoproteins and proteoglycans. When combined with water, mucin becomes mucus. The mucus functions in two ways: it helps protect the apical surface of the epithelial layer, and it assists with the entrapment of microorganisms and foreign particles.

Question 29

In general, how are multicellular exocrine glands constructed?

Answer 29

Multicellular exocrine glands are made up of two distinct components, a secretory unit in which secretions are produced by secretory cells and a duct that carries the secretion to the deposition site. In most glands the secretory unit is surrounded by connective tissue rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers. It not only nourishes the secretory unit but also provides structural support and may extend into the gland to form distinct lobes. In some exocrine glands the secretory unit is surrounded by contractile cells called myoepithelial cells that assist with the discharge of secretions into the glandular duct.

Question 30

Can you describe merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine glands? How do they differ from one another?

Answer 30

I don’t know

Question 31

How are connective tissue and epithelial tissue similar? How are they different?

Answer 31

Epithelial and connective tissue are similar in that they may be linked to form membranes in the body. Membranes are thin, protective layers that line body cavities, separate organs, and cover surfaces. They are composed of a multicellular epithelial sheet bound to an underlying layer of connective tissue. Unlike epithelial tissue, connective tissue is composed primarily of nonliving extracellular matrix. While epithelial tissue has no direct blood supply, connective tissue is vascularized, although the level of vascularity varies among different connective tissue types

Question 32

What are the three basic constituents of connective tissue?

Answer 32

Extracellular fibers, ground substance, and cells

Question 33

List 4 functions of connective tissue.

Answer 33

I don’t know

Question 34

What are GAGs and what role do they play in connective tissue? Why do you suppose animals with joint injuries are sometimes given dietary supplements of GAGs? (from your reading!)

Answer 34

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are the ground substance in soft connective tissue made of unbranched chains of glycoproteins. Animals with joint injuries are sometimes given GAGs because they may help with joint healing. Joints contain hyaluronic acid, which is the most commonly found GAG in connective tissue. GAGs are large molecules that help to orient the formation of fibers within the tissue during healing.

Question 35

Compare and contrast collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers

Answer 35

Collagenous fibers are strong, thick strands composed of the structural protein collagen. Collagen fibers are organized into discrete bundles of long, parallel fibrils, which in turn are composed of bundled microfibrils. Because they possess tremendous tensile strength enabling them to resist pulling forces, collagenous fibers are found in tendons and ligaments that are continually being pulled and stretched. When not under pressure, collagenous fibers look wavy. The fiber itself is white, and the tissue it forms when the fibers are packed closely together is also white. Therefore it is not surprising that collagenous fibers are sometimes known as the white fibers.
Reticular fibers, like collagenous fibers, are composed of collagen, but they are not thick. Instead they are thin, delicate, and branched into complicated networks. Reticular fibers form a kind of “mist net” (rete is Latin for “net”) that provides support for highly cellular organs such as endocrine glands, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and liver.
Elastic fibers are composed primarily of the protein elastin. Like reticular fibers, elastic fibers are branched and form complex networks, but they lack the tensile strength of collagenous fibers. Elastic fibers are composed of bundles of microfibrils, and because they are coiled, they can stretch and contract like a rubber band. Therefore elastic fibers tend to occur in tissues that are commonly subjected to stretching (vocal cords, lungs, skin, and walls of blood vessels). Because of their color, elastic fibers are sometimes referred to as the yellow fibers.

Question 36

What are fibroblasts and what role do they play in connective tissue?

Answer 36

I don’t know

Question 37

Can you give three examples of cells that are “transient” in connective tissue? Can you describe their function?

Answer 37

Leucocytes, mast cells, and macrophages …… function?

Question 38

Connective tissue is divided into two broad categories. What are they?

Answer 38

The two broad categories of connective tissue are connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue.

Question 39

What are the components of areolar tissue?

Answer 39

Randomly placed fibers and cells suspended in a thick, translucent ground substance. The tissue appears relaxed with a myriad of round and star-shaped cells placed among crisscrossing fibers. The predominant cell is the fibroblast, a large spindle-shaped cell that manufactures the elastic, reticular, and collagenous fibers found throughout the tissue.

Question 40

What is the common term for adipose tissue?

Answer 40

Fat

Question 41

What is an example of dense connective tissue?

Answer 41

Three types of dense connective tissue are: dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic.

Question 42

Give three examples of specialized connective tissue. How are they similar to connective tissue proper? How are they different?

Answer 42

I don’t know

Question 43

Why is cartilage limited in thickness and slow to heal? ANS: It is limited in thickness because nutrients diffuse from the surrounding perichondrium through the matrix to the chondrocytes. Therefore chondrocytes that are farthest away from the perichondrium are potentially less well nourished than cells close to it. Cartilage is slow to heal because it is avascular.

Answer 43

I don’t know

Question 44

Describe three types of cartilage.

Answer 44

I don’t know

Question 45

Even though blood and bone appear to be very different grossly, they both represent types of connective tissue. Why?

Answer 45

Blood and bone both contain cells, a matrix, and extracellular fibers.