Lecture quiz 1 Flashcards
Weathering that results in physically breaking down earth materials intro smaller bits is?
Mechanical Weathering
melting the materials that will become mamga and eventually igneous rocks involves?
Bringing heat up with convection, taking the crust deeper with subduction
geology is historical science and that means?
it has the results and must determine the processes
because minerals have unique sets of physical properties we can tell us?
identification
the components of an igneous rock( felsic and mafic minerals) can tell us
if it formed as part of the continent, if it formed on the ocean floor
silicate minerals are the most common minerals in the earth’s crust because
silicon and oxygen are the most common elements
the texture of sediment and sedimentary rocks (size, shape, and arrangement of the particle) is influenced by
the distance transported away from the source, the amount of energy in the desposotional environment, the mode of transport.
volcanic or extrusive igneous rocks form at the earth’s surface, whereas______ igneous rock from deep within the earth’s crust
plutonic
the final steps in converting loose sediment into sedimentary rock
compaction, lithification, cementation
weathering is the process that breaks down rocks exposed at the surface of Earth, and its rates tend to be highest
where the weather is most extreme, in the mountains, the tropics
the components in sedimentary rocks (fossils, rock fragments, mineral grains) can tell us
what type of environment, what life on earth was like, what the climate was like when the sediment was deposited
a theory differs from a hypothesis in that
it has been rigorously tested, it has a higher probability of being correct
controversial theories in science are commonly some of the best theories because
they have been tested the most
the main driving force that results in the movement of the crustal plates is
mantle convection
internal earth processes are most responsible for producing these type of rocks
igneous, metamorphic
regional metamorphic rocks are associated with
mountains and mountain building
the processes that lead to the creation of sedimentary rocks include
weathering and erosion, lithification, transport and desposition
the way to determine if the sediment in a sedimentary rock has been transported by either a stream or a glacier is to look at the
texture
minerals are important because
they give earth materials their properties, they are used for just about everything
rocks that form as a result of surfaces processes, and that are considered Earth’s recycled materials
sedimentary
it is possible to interpret the difference between deposits of sediment or sedimentary rock that were transported by streams versus glaciers because
they have different textures, the stream deposit will be better sorted, the stream deposit will be more rounded
if metamorphic rocks receive heat during metamorphism they become?
igneous rocks
minerals have unique physical properties because of their composition and
crystalline form
as minerals grow the atoms of the elements that comprise the mineral bond together in a regular and repeating three dimensional pattern, which is why minerals occur as
crystals
the landscape and major features of any particular place on the surface of the earth id the result of the
the geologic processes
the processes that result in sedimentary rocks (weathering, transport, deposition, and lithification) occur at the surface and are part of what major system of cycle?
the hydrological cycle
earth science is important because
the earth is our home, it is important to be informed citizens
igneous rocks typically form at
convergent plate boundries, mantle hot spots, divergent plate boundaries
an interlocking crystalline texture is a feature of
igneous rocks
the texture of sedimentary rocks tell us about
how far the sediment traveled, the conditions in the despositional environment, how the sediment got there
the hydrologic cycle
sediment falls from igneous rock(gravity), they fall into basins(water), the water moves the sediment( air), the sediment becomes a rock( ice)
what is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory
a hypothesis is made up of an observation you need to have a hypothesis so you can do tests and come up with your theory
why are some of the most controversial theories some of the strongest theories?
controversial theories are the strongest because they have been tested the most
what are minerals
naturally occuring, inorganic solids, have definte chemical compositions.
/why do different minerals have very different properties
minerals come from different environments
how do we identify the different minerals?
we can identify them by the color, texture, taste, hardness, cleavage
what sorts of information can we get by looking at the texture and compostion of igneous rocks?
we can tell if it is a plutonic rock which has big crystals so it slowly cooled. or if it is volcanic rock so it has small crystals so it cooled fast
why are rocks and minerals important
rocks and minerals are important because minerals are in everything we use and minerals make up rocks therefore rocks tell our history
why does sediment form?
sediment forms because of weathering, mecanical or chemical.
why is it possible to interpret the difference between deposits of sediment and sedimentary rocks that were transported by glaciers versus streams?
when they were transported by streams they are smoother, rounder, and finer. and by glaciers they are more rigid and bigger parts to it
Magma becomes what through cooling and solidification?
Igneous rock
igneous rock becomes what through weathering?
sediment
sediment becomes what through compaction and cementation?
sedimentary rock
sedimentary rock becomes what through heat and pressure?
metamorphic rock
metamorphic rock becomes what through melting?
magma
igneous rock becomes what through heat and pressure?
metamorphic rock
metamorphic rock becomes what through weathering?
sediment
sedimentary rocks becomes what through weathering?
sediment
