Lecture Questions Flashcards
Q - African Lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage?
Small stagnant pools do not produce enough water to dilute toxic ammonia.
Q - Kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of any organs in the human body. This is likely because they…
operate an extensive network of active transport pumps.
Q - Imagine the planet 1 million years from now being very dry and hot. What adaptations might we see in humans who survive in the future?
Ability to conserve more internal water
Much longer nephrons
Much tighter external openings to limit water vapor loss.
Q - Why would water (& dissolved nutrients) be forced from the apoplast into the symplast before entering the vascular tissue?
Crossing a semipermeable membrane provides some control.
Q - What is the pressure potential of this plant’s flaccid cells?
0 MPa (no water, can’t be affected by pressure) (look for lowest #)
Q - if you cut the stalk of a celery plant & placed it in a beaker of green water, the green color would travel up the stalk and & into the leaf. Can be explained by:
Cohesive properties of water
Capillary movement of water
Transpiration pull
Adhesive properties of water
Q - This is an adult axolotl (a species of aquatic salamander). How might a feathery fringe help this animal survive?
External gills/provides surface area for gas exchange
Q - In a system with double circulation…
hemolymph circulates both through a pumping blood vessel and through body tubes
Q - What component of blood is responsible for transport of O2 and some CO2?
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Q - blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein first drains into…
The left atrium
Q - This image represents various stages in plant reproduction. The gametes are produced as a result of…
Meiosis
Q - an advantage to having flower petals would be…
To be able to guide pollinators
Q - which of the following is a key event during embryogenesis?
Distinct groups of cells form what will become dermal, ground, and vascular tissues
Q - a small flower/green petals & no smell is likely to be normally pollinated by…
Wind
Q - the spores that are produced in ____ in a plant are haploid and contain___
None of the above
Q - do all organisms have an immune system?
yes
Q - Which of the following is NOT a plant defense against disease?
Cells of the lymphatic system are used to phagocytose pathogens
Q - which is true of active but not passive immunity?
Requires direct exposure to a living or simulated pathogen
Q - which cells and which signaling molecules are responsible for initiating an inflammatory response?
Mast cells: histamines (drawing blood flow to site of infection)
Q - although interferons have several effects, they are particularly useful against infections with which type of pathogen?
Viruses
Q - a patient can produce antibodies against some bacterial pathogens, but they do not produce antibodies against viral infections. This is probably due to a disorder in which cells in the immune system?
T cells - need t cells to communicate with b cells to produce antibodies
TQ - if our body makes millions of diff. Kinds of receptors on b cells and t cells, what keeps them from attacking our own cells?
As cells are maturing, there is a phase that makes them recognize self proteins
Q - Edward Jenner (1749) successfully used the cowpox virus as a vaccine against the virus that caused smallpox. Why was he successful even though he used viruses of different kinds?
There are some antigenic determinants common to both pox viruses.
Q - a person exposed to a new cold virus would not feel better for one to two weeks because…
No memory cells can be called upon, so adequate response is slow
all of the following are different between archea, bacteria, and eukaryotes EXCEPT…
a. the number of introns/genome
b. the appearance of membrane bound organelles
c. chromosome architecture
d. DNA -> RNA -> protein
e. true tissues
d. DNA -> RNA -> protein
Which of the following is a change that might
have facilitated the move of aquatic plants
on to land?
protection from desiccation
Bryophytes are all small organisms. In order for
taller plants to develop, which of the following
would be required?
Ability to distribute nutrients efficiently
Which of the following is NOT shared by Bryophytes and Charophytes? a. cell wall containing cellulose b. photoautotrophy c. sporopollenin d. multicellular diploid structures e. a phragmoplast
d. multicellular diploid structures
Is the nuclear genome in the sporophyte the
same as in the gametophyte?
Half of it is the same
Is a fungus required for the production/
growth of any of the following?
beer, bread, penicillin, kumquats
yes
Which of the following is not found in any
species in the animal and fungal Kingdoms?
a. chitin
b. sexual reproduction
c. presence of tissues
d. chloroplasts
e. flagella
d. chloroplasts
Which process occurs in fungi we just saw (Zygomycetes) and has the opposite effect on a cell’s chromosome number than does meiosis I? a. cellular respiration b. karyogamy c. binary fission d. crossing-over (without error) e. haustoria
b. karyogamy
The greatest source of genetic variation in plant and animal populations is from... a. mutations. b. sexual recombination. c. selection. d. mitosis. e. genetic drift.
b. sexual recombination.
Which statement is most consistent with the
hypothesis that the Cambrian explosion was
caused by the rise of predator-prey relationships?
Increased incidence of…
a. worm burrows in the fossil record.
b. larger animals in the fossil record.
c. hard parts in the fossil record.
d. organic material in the fossil record.
e. fern galls in the fossil record
c. hard parts in the fossil record.
The distinction between parazoa and eumetazoa is based mainly on the absence versus the presence of... a. a body cavity. b. a complete digestive tract. c. a circulatory system. d. true tissues. e. mesoderm
d. true tissues.
You observe some pond organisms, which you determine are arthropod larvae, rather than adults. You would expect them to have all of the following structures, except a. a digestive system. b. sex organs. c. complex eyes. d. an exoskeleton of chitin.
b. sex organs.
All adult animals that possess bilateral symmetry are most certainly also... a. the product of metamorphosis b. a quadruped. c. a parazoan. d. triploblastic. e. a deuterostome.
d. triploblastic.
Which of the following organisms are deuterostomes? a. molluscs. b. annelids. c. echinoderms. d. chordates. e. both “c” and “d”.
e. both “c” and “d”.
What do craniates have that earlier chordates never have? a. brain. b. vertebrae. c. post-anal tail. d. partial or complete skull. e. bone
d. partial or complete skull.
What should be true of fossils of the
earliest tetrapods?
a. They should show evidence of internal
fertilization.
b. They should show evidence of having
produced shelled eggs.
c. They should indicate limited adaptation to
movement on land.
d. They should feature the earliest indications of
the appearance of jaws
c. They should indicate limited adaptation to
movement on land.
Which of these characteristics probably added the most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments? a. The amniotic egg. b. The ability to maintain a constant body temperature. c. Four legs. d. Claws. e. A four-chambered heart.
a. The amniotic egg.
Which of the following CANNOT be used to describe plant development? a. herbaceous b. gastrulation c. indeterminate d. woody/secondary growth e. determinate
b. gastrulation
What is the source of most of the mass of a plant? a. CO2 b. H2O c. Nutrients from the soil d. Nitrogen
a. CO2
Which of the following is not a plant tissue?
a. Vascular
b. Ground
c. Dermal
d. Nervous
d. Nervous
Different plant species have ended up with different root architecture. Which of the following could be part of a hypothesis you could test to explain this? a. Minimizing competition for resources b. Increasing survival in the environment c. Roots secrete chemicals to deter roots of other members of its own species d. Natural selection played a role e. All the above
e. All the above
When plants first colonized land, they had no roots. All modern plants now have roots. What do you think is the relationship between the above ground mass and the below ground mass of a typical plant? a. more mass above ground b. more mass below ground c. equal above and below
c. equal above and below
What vascular plant tissue, dead at functional maturity, transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves? a. Phloem b. Apical meristem c. Xylem d. Cambium e. Ground
c. Xylem
Which of the following is a TRUE statement?
a. Secondary growth is commonly found in
leaf tissues.
b. Secondary growth occurs because of the
cork cambium and vascular cambium.
c. Flowers demonstrate secondary growth.
d. Primary and secondary growth occur
because plants exhibit alternation of
generations.
e. Vascular cambium cells are responsible for
an increase in stem length.
Secondary growth occurs because of the
cork cambium and vascular cambium
As body size increases in animals, there is
a. a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio
b. no further reproduction in aqueous
environments
c. the tendency for larger bodies to be more
variable in metabolic rate
d. an increase in migration to tropical areas
e. a greater challenge to maintaining body
warmth in cold environments
a. a decrease in the surface-to-volume ratio
Which of the following is NOT true of
connective tissue?
a. It forms the internal and external lining
of many organs.
b. It connects and supports other tissues.
c. It consists of a few cells surrounded by
fiber in a matrix.
d. Erythrocytes and leukocytes would
signify a type of connective tissue
a. It forms the internal and external lining
of many organs.
Which area of the body would not be expected to have stratified squamous epithelium (think form & function!) ? a. Skin b. Tongue c. Small intestine d. Esophagus e. Vagina
a. Skin
When faced with a sudden drop in air temperature an animal might... a. put on a coat. b. huddle with others. c. go inside a shelter. d. increase muscle activity (eg shiver). e. All the above are possible, depending on species
e. All the above are possible,
depending on species
Metabolism is... a. the sum of all fat burned in an organism’s body b. the use of energy to build organic molecules in an organism’s cells c. the energy released by breaking down molecules in an organism’s cells d. the sum of all chemical reactions in all an organism’s cells
d. the sum of all chemical reactions in all
an organism’s cells
When air temperature exceeds their body
temperature, jackrabbits living in hot, arid
lands will
a. dilate the blood vessels in their large ears
b. constrict the blood vessels in their large ears
c. increase movements to find a sunny area
d. bask in a sunny, exposed area
e. begin involuntary shivering of their skeletal
muscles
b. constrict the blood vessels in their large ears
Osmosis is…
a. the ability of molecules to accumulate inside
membranes.
b. the ability of solvent to dissolve membranes.
c. the tendency of molecules to spread out into
the available space.
d. a form of diffusion involving solvent molecules
and a semipermeable membrane.
e. the ability of charged molecules to cross
membranes
d. a form of diffusion involving solvent molecules
and a semipermeable membrane.
A marine sea star was mistakenly put in a freshwater
tank, and it died. What is the most likely explanation for
its death?
a. The sea star was stressed and needed more time to
acclimate to its new conditions
b. The sea star was hyperosmotic compared to the
freshwater, and it could not osmoregulate
c. The sea star was hypoosmotic compared to the
freshwater, and it could not osmoregulate
d. The contractile vacuoles used to regulate water
content ruptured while in the freshwater
e. The cells of the sea star dehydrated and lost the
ability to metabolize
b. The sea star was hyperosmotic compared to the
freshwater, and it could not osmoregulate
The advantage of excreting wastes as urea
rather than as ammonia is that
a. urea can be exchanged for Na+
b. urea is less toxic than ammonia
c. urea requires more water for excretion than
ammonia
d. urea does not affect the osmolar gradient
e. less nitrogen is removed from the body
b. urea is less toxic than ammonia
Which form of reproduction is thought to be best in a stable environment? a. asexual b. sexual c. apoptosis d. parthenocarpyRed
a. asexual
Men who overuse synthetic testosterone (as in anabolic steroids) may experience testicular atrophy, reduced sperm count, and low levels of circulating FSH. The physiological explanation for these observations is…
a. that synthetic testosterone is not as effective as natural
testosterone.
b. negative feedback loops keep the FSH and LH hormones
from being released.
c. positive feedback loops keep the testes functioning until they collapse.
d. that such men have inadequate numbers of FSH receptors.
e. that such men have inadequate numbers of testosterone receptors.
b. negative feedback loops keep the FSH and LH hormones`
How many eggs are produced as a result of
one meiotic series (meiosis I and II) of cell
divisions?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. fourRed
a. one
Which hormone causes FSH and LH to be released?
a. testosterone
b. estrogen
c. GnRH
d. progesterone
c. GnRH
Which of the following statements about hormones is
incorrect?
a. They can be secreted into the extracellular fluid.
b. They circulate in blood or hemolymph.
c. They communicate messages throughout the body.
d. They travel along a hormone-specific pathway.
e. Not all cells respond to a particular hormone
d. They travel along a hormone-specific pathway
People with Type I Diabetes take insulin after meals to help
maintain their blood sugar levels.
Anatomically, such diabetics likely suffer from:
a. Liver cells that break down glycogen even with
high blood sugar
b. Damaged pancreatic cells that do not respond to
high blood sugar
c. Body cells that do not absorb blood sugar well
d. An inability to produce glucagon
e. C (yellow) & D (red)
b. Damaged pancreatic cells that do not respond to
high blood sugar
How would the shoots of this potato know that they have emerged from the ground? a. They sense oxygen. b. They “feel” atmospheric pressure. c. They detect a change in light quantity d. They sense a reduction in gravity. e. They detect carbon dioxide
They detect a change in light quantity
You have a plant that is monitoring light conditions so that it maximizes daytime photosynthesis efficiency. Which of the following wavelengths would be the best to monitor? a. ca. 300nm b. ca. 470nm c. ca. 550nm d. ca. 640nm e. ca. 700 nm
b. ca. 470nm
Which of the following types of cells in leaves experiences a similar reversible change in turgor pressure? a. sclerenchyma cells b. chloroplast cells c. stomata cells d. tracheid cells e. guard cells
e. guard cells
Which of the following is False? a. Animal hormones are part of an endocrine system. b. Animal hormones affect specific cells. c. Animal hormones can have different effects in different cells. d. Animal hormones can affect gene transcription. e. Animal hormones are all water soluble.
e. Animal hormones are all water soluble
Which of the following is False? a. Plant hormones are part of an endocrine system. b. Plant hormones affect specific cells. c. Plant hormones can have different effects in different cells. d. Plant hormones can affect gene transcription. e. Plant hormones are all water soluble
a. Plant hormones are part of an
endocrine system
When plants are exposed to sunlight they start
to bend towards it. These plants also move
their chloroplasts towards the sunny side of
each cell. What is the advantage of moving
the chloroplasts?
a. This minimizes the potential for cellular
respiration.
b. This maximizes the photosynthetic potential.
c. This maximizes stomatal opening on the
sunny side.
d. This adds weight to the sunny side so that
the stem will bend.
e. All the above are valid reasons
b. This maximizes the photosynthetic potential
