Lecture Points Flashcards
What drug comes from foxglove?
Digoxin
What drug comes from nightshade?
Atropine
What are the 5 sources of drugs? (LAMMP)
Labs
Animal
Minerals
Microorganisms
Plants
Drugs that come from plants? (DAM)
Digoxin
Atropine sulfate
Morphine sulfate
Drugs that come from animals/humans? (AEI)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Epinephrine
Insulin
Drugs that come from minerals? (SICI)
Sodium bicarbonate
Iodine
Calcium chloride
Iron
Drugs that come from microorganisms? (PS)
Penicillin
Streptomycin
Drugs that come from labs? (DLM)
Diazepam (Valium)
Lidocaine (Xylocaine)
Midazolam (Versed)
Definition of drugs?
Substances used to treat or prevent a disease or condition.
How are drugs taken? (MIT)
Mouth
Injected
Topically
Chemical name:
Exact description of drug’s chemical composition and molecular structure.
Generic (nonproprietary) name:
Often abbreviated form of chemical name and used more commonly. Cannot have y, h, j, k, or w. Official name approved by the FDA>
Trade (brand/proprietary) name:
Trademark name designated by drug company. Proper nouns with capitalized first letter.
Official name:
Typically the same as the generic name. Followed by USP or NF.
What is an orphan drug?
Drugs that treat rare, chronic diseases (hemophilia, leprosy, cancers, Tourette). Federal governments incentivizes development of these.
Pure Food and Drug Act?
Passed in 1906. Prohibited the use of false/misleading claims. Restricted sale of drugs with misuse potential.
Drug Enforcement Agency?
- Sole legal drug enforcement body in the United States.
Other regulatory bodies?
Food and Drug Administration
Public Health Service
Federal Trade Commission
Canadian Drug Control
International Drug Control
What is a Schedule I drug? (NASH)
No accepted medical use
Approved protocol required
Severe dependence
High misuse potential
What is a Schedule II drug? (PASHN)
Prescription necessary
Accepted medical uses
Severe dependence
High misuse potential
No refills
What is a Schedule III drug? (PALM5)
Prescription required
Accepted medical uses
Less misuse potential
Moderate dependence
5 refills in 6 months
What is a Schedule IV drug? (PALL5)
Prescription required
Accepted medical uses
Lower misuse potential
Limited dependence
5 refills in 6 months
What is a Schedule V drug? (NALL)
No prescription required
Accepted medical uses
Low misuse potential
Limited dependence
Enteral absorption rates? (GSOR)
Gastric - Slow
Oral - Rapid
Parenteral absorption rates?
Subcutaneous - Slow
Intramuscular - Moderate
Intravenous - Immediate
Endotracheal - Rapid
Intraosseous - Immediate
Pulmonary - Rapid
Topical - Moderate
Intranasal - Rapid
Drug effects? (DUS)
Desirable/therapeutic
Undesirable/adverse
Side effects
What is an agonist?
Combines with receptors, initiates expected response.
What is an antagonist?
Binds with receptors, inhibits/counteracts effects.
What are the three phases of drug activity?
Pharmaceutical
Pharmacokinetic
Pharmacodynamic
Pharmaceutical phase:
How the drug dispenses, diffuses across the cell membrane, and affects the other phases.
Pharmacokinetic phase:
How the body absorbs, distributes, biotransforms, and excretes a drug.
Pharmacodynamic phase:
How the drug acts on a living organism relative to the concentration at an active site.
Blood-brain barrier:
Single layer of endothileal cells that permits only lipid-soluble drugs through.
Placental barrier:
Membrane layers that allow certain, non-lipid-soluble drugs through.
Enteral emergency drugs: (AAD)
Activated charcoal
Aspirin
Diazepam rectal gel
Parenteral emergency drugs: (FADED MNMS)
Fentanyl
Atropine
Dextrose
Epinephrine
Diazepam
Midazolam
Naloxone
Morphine
Sodium bicarbonate
Pulmonary emergency drugs: (RAIL ONA)
Racemic epinephrine
Albuterol
Ipratropium
Levalbuterol
Oxygen
Nitrous oxide/oxygen
Amyl nitrite
Topical emergency drugs: (LN)
Lidocaine
Nitropaste
Emergency nasal drugs:
Fentanyl
Glucagon
Haloperidol
Hydromorphone
Ketamine
Ketorolac
Lorazepam
Midazolam
Naloxone
Nervous system emergency drugs: (ADD FLEEK HMNR
Atropine
Diazepam
Dopamine
Fentanyl
Lorazepam
Epinephrine
Etomidate
Ketamine
Hydromorphone
Magnesium sulfate
Naloxone
Rocuronium
Midazolam
Norepinephrine
Morphine
Succinylcholine
What are the classifications of drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system?
Cholinergic (parasympathomimetic)
Cholinergic blocking (parasympatholytic)
Adrenergic (sympathomimetic)
Adrenergic blocking (sympatholytic)
How do cholinergic drugs work?
Nicotinic effect: stimulation of the ganglia, adrenal medulla, and skeletal muscle.
Muscarinic effect: stimulation of the postganglion in cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.
How do anticholinergic drugs work?
Blocking of the muscarinic effects, decrease of acetylcholine action on the effector.
How do adrenergic drugs work?
Stimulation of alpha and beta receptors.
Alpha: vasoconstriction in skin, pupil dilation, gut relaxation.
Beta: cardiac acceleration and increased contractility, vasoconstriction in skeletal muscles, bronchial relaxation, uterine relaxation.
How do alpha blockers work?
Blockage of vasoconstriction effects, useful for hypertension. Prevention of necrosis when norepinephrine or dopamine have leaked into tissues.
How do beta blockers work?
Selective: block either 1 (cardioselective) or 2 receptor. Cardioselective are antihypertensive and antidysrhythmic.
Nonselective: inhibit receptors in bronchioles and blood vessels.
Analgesic classifications:
Local anesthetics and NSAIDs interfere with pain in the PNS.
Opioids, ketamine, and acetaminophen interfere with pain in the CNS.
Classifications of antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic agents:
Anxiety - benzodiazepines
Hypnotics - barbiturates
How do benzodiazepines work?
They have a wide therapeutic index. They bind to receptors in the cerebral cortex and limbic system. Highly lipid soluble. More than 80% bind to plasma proteins.
Common benzodiazepines?
Alprazolam (Xanax)
Clonazepam (Klonopin)
Diazepam (Valium)
Flurazepam (Dalmane)
Midazolam (Versed)
Lorazepam (Ativan)
Temazepam (Restoril)
