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Infrastructure Stratergy > Lecture One > Flashcards

Lecture One Flashcards

Next Generation Network

1
Q

Evolution of the internet - (Growth Trajectory)

A

The Internet’s expansion has included diverse types and classes of devices and systems.
Web 1.0 (1990s): Primarily static web pages accessed via computers; evolution to include telephones, satellites, and cellular networks.
Web 2.0 (2000s): Emergence of dynamic content and social networks, facilitating human interaction and user-generated content.
Next Evolution: Shift towards the Internet being used by machines, devices, and “things,” creating a pervasive and interconnected environment.

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2
Q

Evolution of the internet - (Web 1.0)

A

Web 1.0 (1990s): Primarily static web pages accessed via computers; evolution to include telephones, satellites, and cellular networks.

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3
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Evolution of the internet - (Web 2.0)

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Web 2.0 (2000s): Emergence of dynamic content and social networks, facilitating human interaction and user-generated content.

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4
Q

Evolution of the internet - (Next Evolution)

A

Shift towards the Internet being used by machines, devices, and “things,” creating a pervasive and interconnected environment.

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5
Q

Internet of Things (IoT) - Definition

A

IoT represents the convergence of physical and digital worlds through the integration of everyday objects into the Internet.

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6
Q

Internet of Things (IoT) - Integration

A

Everyday items such as clothes, vehicles, and home appliances become “smart” through embedded connectivity.
Devices like fridges, washing machines, and HVAC systems are integrated into use-case scenarios and services.

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7
Q

Internet of Things (IoT) - Vision

A

More than just connecting objects to the Internet, IoT enables communication and dialogue between devices, facilitating Machine-to-Machine (M2M) interaction.
Smart objects exchange information and adapt their behaviours based on received data.

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8
Q

IoT Paradigm Shift - Historical Interaction with Computers

A

Mainframes: Centralized computing resources shared among many users.
PC Era: Transition to personal computing with individual PCs in homes and offices.
Smartphones: Emergence of truly personal devices, integrating computing into daily life.

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9
Q

IoT Paradigm Shift - Current Trend

A

Proliferation of tiny, pervasive “computers” embedded in physical environments.
Development of smart spaces, homes, and cities with interconnected devices enhancing everyday life.

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10
Q

IoT Financial Aspects - Device Proliferation (2012)

A

Number of devices connected to the Internet equalled the global human population, indicating rapid adoption.

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11
Q

IoT Financial Aspects - Market Growth (2019)

A

IoT end-user solutions market valued at 212 billion USD, showcasing significant investment and adoption.

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12
Q

IoT Financial Aspects - Future Projections (2025)

A

Potential market size of IoT could reach $1.6 trillion USD.
Smart Buildings and Cities market projected to be worth $35.9 billion with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 30%.

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13
Q

IoT Financial Aspects - Economic Impact

A

IoT drives new business models, enhances efficiency, and fosters innovation across industries.

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14
Q

IoT Security and Challenges - Security Vulnerabilities

A

IoT devices are highly susceptible to breaches due to limited computational resources and lack of standardized security measures.

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15
Q

IoT Security and Challenges - Privacy Concerns

A

Profiling risks arise from detailed device and appliance usage data.
Unauthorized access to personal information through connected devices.

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16
Q

IoT Security and Challenges - Authentication Challenges

A

Device-to-device authentication and secure data exchange are critical issues.
Interplay of cyber and physical domains increases the attack surface.

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17
Q

IoT Security and Challenges - Interoperability Issue

A

Fragmentation of the market and standards landscape hampers widespread IoT deployment.
Interoperability - the ability of computer systems or software to exchange and make use of information.

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18
Q

IoT Security and Challenges - Data Ownership and Responsibility

A

Ambiguity over who owns data generated by IoT devices.
Legal and ethical challenges in assigning responsibility for device malfunctions or accidents.

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19
Q

IoT Device Classification - Class A Device

A

Very low or zero-power end devices with limited communication capabilities.
Examples: RFID and NFC devices used in asset tracking and identification.

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20
Q

IoT Device Classification - Class B Devices

A

Low power devices with moderate communication capabilities.
Require gateways for Internet access, common in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).
Examples: Environmental sensors, smart home devices.

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21
Q

IoT Device Classification - Class C Devices

A

Devices with robust communication capabilities and processing power.
Direct access to the Internet without the need for intermediary gateways.
Examples: Smartphones, Single Board Computers (SBCs) like Raspberry Pi and Arduino.

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22
Q

Key Enabling IoT Technologies - Foundational Technologies

A

RFID / NFC: Technologies for identification and data exchange in low-power scenarios.
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs): Networks of sensors for environmental monitoring and automation.
Single Board Computers (SBCs): Cost-effective computing platforms for IoT projects and prototyping.

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23
Q

Key Enabling IoT Technologies - Communication Protocols

A

Focus on energy-efficient protocols to support the diverse requirements of IoT applications.

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24
Q

RFID / NFC Technologies - Characteristics

A

Low Power: Designed to operate with minimal energy consumption.
Information Exchange: Capable of exchanging small amounts of data, primarily in the form of tags.

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25
Q

RFID / NFC Technologies - Types of Devices

A

Passive: Operate without batteries, relying on electromagnetic induction from a reader.
Semi-passive: Use batteries to assist transmission when activated by a reader.
Active: Broadcast tags periodically using built-in power sources.

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26
Q

RFID / NFC Technologies - Application Areas

A

Widely used in production lines, asset management, and access control systems.

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27
Q

Wireless Sensor and Actuator Network - Features

A

Consist of inexpensive, small devices with embedded sensing (temperature, light, motion) and actuating (automation) capabilities.
Highly constrained in computational and energy resources.

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28
Q

Wireless Sensor and Actuator Network - Deployment

A

Deployed in mass across areas of interest, forming ad-hoc (when necessary) wireless networks.
May require a gateway device to interface with the Internet.

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29
Q

Wireless Sensor and Actuator Network - Application

A

Environmental monitoring, industrial automation, smart agriculture, and more.

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30
Q

Single Board Computers (SBCs) - Role in IoT

A

Serve as low-cost “integrated” computers for developing Internet of Things projects at home and in small-scale deployments.
Can act as gateways for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) or as agile “semi-embedded” development platforms.

31
Q

Single Board Computers (SBCs) - Capabilities

A

Support full operating systems and networking protocol stacks, facilitating diverse applications.

32
Q

IoT-Specific Communication Protocols - Challenges in IOT

A

IoT devices are often limited in terms of computational, communication, and energy resources.
Existing wireless communication technologies like WiFi and cellular are not always optimized for these constraints.

33
Q

IoT-Specific Communication Protocols - Solution Needs

A

Development of IoT-specific technologies that prioritize energy efficiency and compatibility with resource-constrained devices.

34
Q

Low Power Personal Area Networks (LoWPANs) - IEEE802.15.4 Standard:

A

Specifies the physical and access layers for low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs) with a range of 10-100 meters.
Supports sub-GHz and 2.4GHz channels for low-rate RF communication ranging from 20Kbps to 250Kbps.

35
Q

Low Power Personal Area Networks (LoWPANs) - 6LoWPAN:

A

Enables IPv6 to run on 802.15.4 networks, allowing for global IPv6 addressing of sensor motes.
Developed by the IETF 6lowpan Working Group (RFC 6282).
Vital for enabling IoT devices to communicate over IP networks.

36
Q

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) - Advancements Over Classic Bluetooth:

A

Significant reduction in power consumption and cost while maintaining similar communication range.

37
Q

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) - Target Applications

A

Healthcare devices, fitness trackers, beacon technology, security systems, and home entertainment devices.
Network stacks supporting IPv6 over BLE facilitate integration with IoT ecosystems.

38
Q

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) - Efficiency Focus

A

Not primarily aimed at extreme energy efficiency but optimized for low-power consumption in specific use cases.

39
Q

Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) - Protocol Characteristics

A

Non-IP protocol designed for large-scale public networks with data rates between 0.3Kbps and 50Kbps.
Long-range communication capabilities reaching up to several kilometers.

40
Q

Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) - Network Architecture

A

Multicast architecture where messages from devices are received by multiple access points (APs).
Suitable for applications like smart city infrastructure, remote monitoring, and industrial IoT.

41
Q

Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) - Standardization

A

Developed and standardized by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

42
Q

Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) - Focus Areas

A

Optimized for indoor coverage, low cost, extended battery life, and high connection density.

43
Q

Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) - Integration with LTE:

A

Utilizes elements of the LTE suite, making it a part of the broader 5G cellular network landscape.

44
Q

Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) - Applications

A

Ideal for use cases requiring long battery life and low data rates, such as smart metering and environmental monitoring.

45
Q

Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) - Design Purpose

A

Tailored for resource-constrained devices such as Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) nodes.

46
Q

Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) - Features

A

Brings RESTful architecture to IoT, making it interoperable with HTTP.
IoT resources can be abstracted as REST resources, allowing standard HTTP methods like GET, POST, and PUT.

47
Q

Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) - Standardization

A

Developed under the IETF Constrained RESTful Environments (CORE) with RFC 7959.

48
Q

Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) - Messaging Protocol

A

Lightweight, publish-subscribe protocol designed for TCP/IP networks with limited bandwidth.
Asynchronous messaging model ideal for low-bandwidth, high-latency networks.

49
Q

Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) - Communication Model

A

Publisher: Generates messages or data content.
Subscriber: Follows specific message classes or “topics.”
Broker: Manages message distribution between publishers and subscribers.

50
Q

Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) - Development and Standardization

A

Led by OASIS MQTTv3.1.1, emphasizing small code footprints and efficiency.

51
Q

End-to-End LoWPAN Architecture - Architecture Overview

A

Illustrates the integration of various components necessary for seamless operation in an IoT ecosystem using LoWPAN technology.
Highlights the role of gateways, sensor nodes, and communication protocols in enabling end-to-end connectivity.

52
Q

End-to-End LoWPAN Architecture - Source Reference

A

Visual representation adapted from Wikipedia, showing typical deployment scenarios.

53
Q

Evolution of Cellular Network - Decade of Development

A

1980s: Introduction of analog cellular networks.
1990s: Digital cellular networks (2G) with improved voice and data services.
2003: Launch of 3G networks, offering enhanced data rates and mobile internet.
2009: 4G LTE networks brought high-speed internet and advanced multimedia services.
2019+: Progress towards 5G networks, aiming for ubiquitous connectivity and low latency.

54
Q

5G Networks - Comprehensive Ecosystem

A

Encompasses a variety of technologies to deliver improved network performance.
Utilizes a broad spectrum of frequencies, including millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands (24GHz, 60GHz).

55
Q

5G Network - Focus Areas

A

Prioritizes network services over individual technologies, emphasizing flexibility and scalability.

56
Q

5G Network - Standardization

A

Ongoing development and refinement of standards to accommodate diverse applications and use cases.

57
Q

5G Functional Requirements - Key Performance Target

A

Peak Data Rate: Maximum achievable rate of 20 Gbit/s.
User Experienced Data Rate: Average data rate of 1 Gbit/s across the coverage area.
Latency: 1 ms radio network contribution to packet travel time, enabling real-time applications.
Mobility: Supports high-speed mobility with reliable handoff and Quality of Service (QoS) up to 500 km/h.
Connection Density: Accommodates up to 10^6 devices per square kilometer, facilitating IoT scalability.
Energy Efficiency: Matches or improves upon 4G efficiency, reducing energy consumption per transmitted data unit.
Spectrum Efficiency: 3-4 times the efficiency of 4G, enhancing throughput per wireless bandwidth and network cell.
Area Traffic Capacity: Supports a total traffic load of 1000 (Mbit/s)/m² across the coverage area.

58
Q

5G Enabling Technologies - Innovative Technologies - Software Defined Networks (SDN)

A

Separates data and control planes, enabling dynamic network management and optimization.
Facilitates network slicing to support multiple virtual networks on a single physical infrastructure.

59
Q

5G Enabling Technologies - Innovative Technologies - Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV)

A

Virtualizes network functions traditionally reliant on specialized hardware.
Allows deployment of functions as virtual machines or containers, enhancing flexibility.

60
Q

5G Enabling Technologies - Innovative Technologies - MIMO Radio

A

Utilizes multiple antennas for simultaneous management of multiple connections.
Enables efficient beamforming and target tracking, improving connection quality.

61
Q

5G Enabling Technologies - Innovative Technologies - mmWave Spectrum

A

Offers high data rates but with challenges in attenuation and penetration.
Utilized in Radio Access Networks (RAN) to create dense micro-cell architectures.

62
Q

5G Enabling Technologies - Innovative Technologies - Spectrum Sharing and Neutral Hosts

A

Additional spectrum allocation to accommodate growing demand.
Supports new business models where infrastructure is shared among multiple network operators.

63
Q

Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) - Architectural Approach

A

Deploys and manages cloud services at the network edge, closer to end-users.
Reduces latency and enhances service delivery by processing data locally rather than in centralized data centers.
Example Use Case:
Video analytics applications that require real-time processing and response.

64
Q

Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) - Standards and Development

A

Overseen by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
Focuses on creating frameworks and standards for MEC deployment and integration.

65
Q

MEC-enabled 5G Architectures - Integration with 5G

A

MEC supports enhanced 5G architectures by enabling distributed computing and storage resources at the edge.
Facilitates optimized resource allocation, improved latency, and efficient service delivery.

66
Q

MEC-enabled 5G Architectures - Key Components and Benefits

A

Key Components:
Includes BaseBand Units (BBUs), Remote Radio Heads (RRHs), and eNodeBs (eNBs) as part of the infrastructure.
Benefits:
Enhanced scalability and flexibility for deploying diverse applications and services in 5G networks.

67
Q

NFV:

A

Network Function Virtualisation - The virtualization of network services traditionally run on hardware.

68
Q

NFVO:

A

Network Function Virtualisation Orchestrator - Manages the lifecycle of virtualized network functions.

69
Q

MEC:

A

Multi-access Edge Computing - Brings cloud computing capabilities to the network edge.

70
Q

BBU:

A

BaseBand Unit - Part of the radio network infrastructure handling baseband processing.

71
Q

RRH:

A

Remote Radio Heads - Components of a distributed base station in cellular networks.

72
Q

5G in Bournemouth/Dorset

A

Project: 5G Rural Dorset Showcase
Demonstrates the capabilities and applications of 5G in rural settings.
Focus Areas:
Coastal Cliff Monitoring: Utilizes IoT and 5G technologies to detect and analyze coastal changes.
Data Collection and Analysis: Collects data to improve understanding and modeling of geological processes.
Early Warning Systems: Potential implementation of landslide early warning systems using real-time data.

73
Q

eNB:

A

An LTE access network element providing wireless connectivity in cellular networks.

74
Q

WPX – Coastal Cliff Monitoring

A

Monitoring System:
Innovative IoT/5G enabled system designed for coastal cliff monitoring.
Objectives:
Detect geological incidents and collect data for process understanding.
Use collected data for modeling and predicting landslide events.
Potential to develop an early warning system for landslides.
Locations: Lyme Regis and Burton Bradstock, highlighting application in real-world scenarios.

Infrastructure Stratergy (9 decks)

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