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Infrastructure Stratergy > Lecture Eight > Flashcards

Lecture Eight Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Network?

A

A system or group of interconnected entities.

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2
Q

Examples of Networks

A

Social Networks: Interactions and connections among individuals or groups.
Professional Networks: Connections based on professional affiliations.
Road/Rail Networks: Infrastructure for transportation and logistics.
Biological Networks: Interconnected biological systems, such as neural networks.
Radio Networks: Systems of interconnected radio stations and transmitters.
Electrical Networks: Systems of interconnected electrical components.

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3
Q

Network Characteristics

A

Defined by their constituent entities and the nature of their interconnections.

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4
Q

Data Networks - Purpose

A

Facilitate efficient transfer and exchange of information.

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5
Q

Data Networks - Modern Context

A

Transition from physical to digital data exchange, emphasizing speed and efficiency.

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6
Q

Coaxial Cables

A

Thinnet (10Base2): Maximum length of 200 meters, largely obsolete in modern networks.
Thicknet (10Base5): Maximum length of 500 meters, also obsolete.

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7
Q

Twisted Pair Cables

A

Utilize differential mode transmission.
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): Provides protection against electromagnetic interference.
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP):
Cat3: Supports 10 Mbps, used in older telecommunication setups.
Cat5: Supports 100 Mbps, common in traditional Ethernet networks.
Cat6: Supports 1 Gbps, used for high-speed Ethernet.

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8
Q

UTP Cabling - Advantages Over Coaxial

A

Less prone to electromagnetic interference and crosstalk.

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9
Q

UTP Cabling - Differential Model Transmission

A

Signal Encoding: Utilizes two complementary signals.
Signal Detection: Based on voltage differences between the pair.
Noise Handling: Uniform noise across pairs allows for effective decoding.

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10
Q

UTP Cabling - Twist Rates

A

Different twist rates minimize interference in bundled cables.

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11
Q

UTP Cabling - Ethernet Cable Types

A

Straight-Through Cables: Connect devices of different types (e.g., switch to router).
Crossover Cables: Connect devices of the same type (e.g., switch to switch).

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12
Q

Optical Fibre - Material

A

Made by drawing glass (silica) or plastic to a fine diameter.

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13
Q

Optical Fibre - Single Mode Fibres (SMF)

A

Supports one propagation path.
Used for long-distance communication (>1 km).

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14
Q

Optical Fibre - Multi Mode Fibres (MMF)

A

Supports multiple propagation paths.
Wider core diameter, used for short-distance links.

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15
Q

Optical Fibre - Applications

A

Used in long-haul trunks, metropolitan trunks, local loops, and Local Area Networks (LANs).

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16
Q

Wireless Transmission Media - Transmission Without Conductors

A

Information transmitted using electromagnetic waves.

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17
Q

Wireless Transmission Media - Characteristics

A

Unbound and Unguided: No physical medium required for transmission.
Long-Distance Capabilities: Can travel vast distances without the need for a line of sight.
Stochastic Medium: Affected by scattering and deflection, making it unpredictable.

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

Wireless Transmission Media - Examples

A

Sound Waves
Water Waves
Light Waves
Vacuum (Space)

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19
Q

Wireless Technologies

A

Wi-Fi
Bluetooth
3G/4G/5G LTE
Satellite Communications

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20
Q

Hubs - Definition

A

Basic networking devices operating at the Physical Layer.

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21
Q

Hubs - Functionality

A

Repeaters: Relay incoming bits to all other connected links.
Collision Domains: Define areas where data packets can interfere with each other.
Limitations: No framing or MAC protocol, rely on host Network Interface Cards (NICs) to detect collisions.

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22
Q

Hubs - Usage

A

Historically used in simple network setups, largely replaced by switches in modern networks.

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23
Q

Collision Domains - Defintion

A

A network segment where data packets can interfere and collide, causing transmission failures.

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24
Q

Collision Domains - Collisions

A

Occur when two devices attempt to transmit simultaneously on the same medium.

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25
Q

Collision Domains - Size and Timing

A

Impact: Collision domains and packet size affect the likelihood and severity of collisions.
Late Collisions: Occur when the sender finishes transmission before the initial bits reach the most remote node.

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26
Q

Collision Domains - MAC Protocols

A

Ethernet Example: Uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) to manage collisions.

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27
Q

Broadcast Domains - Definition

A

A network segment where devices can communicate via broadcast messages at the Data Link Control (DLC) layer.

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28
Q

Broadcast Domains - Characteristic

A

Defined by Routers: Layer 3 devices create distinct broadcast domains.
Scope: Includes all interconnected Layer 2 networks, such as those linked by switches and bridges.

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29
Q

Broadcast Domains - Separation of Domains

A

Collision Domains: Smaller segments within broadcast domains where collisions can occur.
Broadcast Domains: Larger areas encompassing multiple collision domains.

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30
Q

Switches - Operational Layer

A

Function at the Data Link Control (Layer 2).

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31
Q

Switches - Functionality

A

Frame Forwarding: Directs frames only to the destination port, reducing unnecessary network traffic.
Collision Domain Separation: Each port on a switch typically represents a separate collision domain, eliminating collisions.
Efficiency: Increases network efficiency by reducing congestion and enhancing bandwidth usage.

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32
Q

Switch Tables - Functionality

A

Switches maintain tables to track devices connected to each port.

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33
Q

Switch Tables - Structure

A

Consist of tuples containing Host MAC Address, Port Number, and Time-to-Live (TTL).

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34
Q

Switch Tables - Creation

A

Self-Learning: When a frame is received, the switch records the source MAC address and associated port.
Frame Handling: Uses the switch table to forward frames to the correct destination port or flood if unknown.

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35
Q

Frame Filtering/Forwarding

A

two basic functions of an Ethernet switch that help determine how to forward frames

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36
Q

Frame Filtering

A

Filters out ports and only forwards data to the destination MAC address. Switches will never forward a frame back out the same port it received it on.

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37
Q

Frame Forwarding

A

Looks up the destination address in the MAC address table and forwards the frame to that port. Switches can use three different methods to forward frames out the appropriate switchport:
Store and forward: Copies the entire frame into a memory buffer and inspects it for errors
Cut-through: Stores nothing and only inspects the destination MAC address
Fragment free: Inspects only the first portion of the frame

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38
Q

Frame Filtering/ Forwarding - Process Overview

A

Record Link: Note the link associated with the sending host.
Lookup: Check the destination MAC address in the switch table.
Decision:
If destination found on the same segment, drop the frame.
Otherwise, forward the frame to the indicated interface.
If unknown, flood the frame to all ports except the incoming one.

39
Q

Frame Filtering/ Forwarding - Objective

A

Enhance efficiency by minimizing unnecessary network traffic and optimizing frame delivery.

40
Q

Multiple Switch Topologies - Complexity Management

A

Utilizes the self-learning method for topology discovery and management.

41
Q

Multiple Switch Topologies - Scalability

A

Supports large-scale networks by interconnecting multiple switches and creating extended networks.

42
Q

Multiple Switch Topologies - Resilience

A

Provides multiple pathways for data, enhancing fault tolerance and reliability.

43
Q

Spanning Tree Protocol - Purpose

A

Prevents network loops in Ethernet networks with multiple paths.

44
Q

Spanning Tree Protocol - Process

A

Root Bridge/Switch Definition: Elect the root bridge based on bridge priority and MAC address.
Least Cost Paths: Calculate shortest paths to the root bridge.
Loop Breaking: Identify and disable redundant paths to prevent loops.
Redundant Links: Utilize alternative paths for network resilience and recovery.

45
Q

LAN Using Switches - Switching Operation

A

Takes place at the Data Link Layer (Layer 2).

46
Q

LAN Using Switches - Broadcast Domains

A

All connected devices share the same broadcast domain.
Increases traffic overhead, collision risks, and reduces efficiency.

47
Q

LAN Using Switches - Scalability

A

Limited scalability in traditional Ethernet networks due to broadcast overhead.

48
Q

LAN Using Switches - Example

A

Comparison of Network Throughput:
Traditional Ethernet Network: 10 Mbps bandwidth results in limited throughput, suitable for small networks.
Telephone Network: Despite lower bandwidth (56 Kbps), achieves higher throughput due to efficient switching and reduced collisions.
Implications: Highlights the importance of efficient switching and network design in enhancing performance.

49
Q

Routers - Operational Layer

A

Function at the Networking Layer (Layer 3).

50
Q

Routers - Purpose

A

Connect networks of different types and address spaces.
Route packets based on destination IP addresses using routing tables.

51
Q

Routers - Characteristics

A

Specialized hardware and software for efficient packet forwarding and routing.
Enable communication between distinct networks, such as LANs and WANs.

52
Q

Switches

A

Operate at the Data Link Control (DLC) layer.
Handle frames within local networks.
Utilize switch tables, filtering, and self-learning algorithms.

53
Q

Routers

A

Operate at the Network Layer.
Handle packets among different networks.
Use routing tables and algorithms/protocols for packet forwarding.

54
Q

Switches vs. Routers - Comparison

A

Switches optimize internal network traffic, while routers manage inter-network communication.

55
Q

Queueing Theory - Definition

A

Mathematical study of waiting lines or queues.

55
Q

Queueing Theory - Purpose

A

Predict queue lengths and waiting times to inform resource provisioning and management decisions.

56
Q

Queueing Theory - Application Areas

A

Telecommunications
Traffic Engineering
Computing
Industrial Engineering

57
Q

Queueing System Model

A

Arrival: Customers (jobs) arrive at the queue.
Waiting: Jobs wait to be admitted to the service.
Processing: Jobs are processed by servers.
Departure: Jobs leave the system after processing.

58
Q

Queueing Theory: Basic Model - Components

A

Customers: Represent jobs or tasks requiring service.
Queue: Line where customers wait for service.
Servers: Nodes that process customer requests.

59
Q

Queueing Theory: Basic Model - Complexity

A

Systems may have multiple servers and shared queues, impacting service dynamics.

60
Q

Queueing Theory: Basic Model - System Definition

A

Crucial to understand system boundaries and customer flow for accurate modeling and analysis.

61
Q

Examples of Queueing Systems

A

Data Networks: Packets are customers assigned to communication links for transmission.
Virtual Circuits: Customers represent ongoing conversations between network points.
Telephone Networks: Active calls are customers, with service time as call duration.

62
Q

Service Time Calculations

A

For packets: Service time is the ratio of packet length to link transmission capacity.
For conversations: Service time corresponds to conversation duration.

63
Q

Queueing Theory - Parameters

A

Customer Arrival Rate: Frequency of customers entering the system per unit time.
Service Rate: Number of customers served per unit time when the system is busy.
Interarrival Times: Patterns of customer arrivals (e.g., evenly spaced, batch arrivals).

64
Q

Little’s Theorem - Statement

A

In a steady state, the average number of customers 𝑁 in the system is equal to the arrival rate 𝜆 multiplied by the average time 𝑇 spent in the system: 𝑁 = 𝜆𝑇

65
Q

Little’s Theorem: Intuition - Conceptual Understanding

A

Crowded systems (large 𝑁) are associated with long delays (large
𝑇), and vice versa.

66
Q

Little’s Theorem: Intuition - Examples

A

Traffic on a Rainy Day: Increased traffic congestion leads to longer travel times.
Fast-Food Restaurant: Shorter service times result in smaller waiting areas compared to traditional restaurants.

67
Q

Little’s Theorem - System Definition

A

Careful selection of the system and arrival points is crucial for applying Little’s Theorem effectively.

68
Q

Little’s Theorem Applications - Multi-Line Network Example

A

Scenario: Network of 𝑛 transmission lines receiving packets at rates 𝜆1,𝜆2,…,𝜆𝑛
Observation: Average total number of packets (𝑁) in the system.
Average Delay Calculation:
𝑇=𝑁/∑𝜆𝑖 : Average delay per packet, independent of packet length distribution and routing methods.

69
Q

Local Area Network (LANs) - Definition

A

Networks connecting computers and devices within a limited geographic area, managed locally.

70
Q

Local Area Networks (LANs) - Purpose

A

Facilitate resource sharing, such as printers and storage, among multiple devices.

71
Q

Local Area Network (LANs) - Components

A

Devices: Computers, peripherals.
Infrastructure: Cabling, switches, gateways, firewalls.

72
Q

Local Area Networks (LANs) - Common Technologies

A

Ethernet: Wired LAN standard.
Wi-Fi: Wireless LAN technology.

73
Q

Local Area Networks (LANs) - Legacy Technologies

A

ARCNET: Early LAN protocol.
AppleTalk: Networking protocol for Apple devices.
Token Ring: Legacy LAN technology using token-passing protocol.

74
Q

LAN Topologies (Bus Topology) - Structure

A

Nodes directly connected to a common linear or branched half-duplex link called a bus

75
Q

LAN Topologies (Bus Topology) - Characteristics

A

Every host receives every packet with equal transmission priority.

76
Q

LAN Topologies (Bus Topology) - Advantages

A

Simple setup and easy connection of devices.
Efficient cabling compared to other topologies.
Suitable for small networks.

77
Q

LAN Topologies (Bus Topology) - Disadvantages

A

Single points of failure, such as a cut bus or repeater failure.
Frequent collisions leading to inefficiencies.
Scalability limitations.

78
Q

LAN Topologies (Ring Topology) - Structure

A

Each node connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a continuous pathway for signals (a ring).

79
Q

LAN Topologies (Ring Topology) - Characteristics

A

Can be unidirectional or bidirectional.
Uses token passing to control access to the medium.

80
Q

LAN Topologies (Ring Topology) - Advantages

A

Fair service distribution among hosts.
Better performance than bus topologies.
No central host required.
Easy maintenance and fault identification.

81
Q

LAN Topologies (Ring Topology) - Disadvantages

A

Single point of failure if a host fails.
Communication delay proportional to ring size.
Complex configuration when adding hosts.

82
Q

LAN Topologies (Star Topology) - Structure

A

Each host is connected to a central node that manages network traffic.

83
Q

LAN Topologies (Star Topology) - Characteristics

A

Central node can be a hub, switch, or computer.
Passive central nodes echo traffic, while active nodes prevent duplicate receptions.

84
Q

LAN Topologies (Star Topology) - Advantages

A

High reliability; a faulty host does not impact the rest of the network.

85
Q

LAN Topologies (Star Topology) - Disadvantages

A

Requires more cabling, increasing costs.
Central node is a single point of failure.

86
Q

Network Components

A

Bridges: Connect same-type networks.
Routers: Connect different-type networks and manage routing between them.
Packet-Switch Exchange (PSE): Handles packet switching between networks.
Gateways: General-purpose computers connecting distinct networks.

87
Q

Diverse Set of Network Services

A

Integration Needs: Accommodate various traffic types on the same network infrastructure.
Examples:
Internet Traffic: Short messages, low arrival rates, fast response, high reliability.
File Transfer: Long messages, bursty traffic, high reliability, tolerance for delays.
VoIP: Short packets, smooth traffic, minimal delay, lower reliability concerns.
Graphics and Video: Long messages, delay variability critical for video, traffic can be smooth or bursty.

88
Q

Layered Network Architecture

A

Standard: ISO (International Standards Organization) OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection).
Design: Modular, hierarchical, distributed system organization.
Modular: System comprised of simpler components with interlocking interfaces.
Advantages:
Interchangeability: Easier replacement and upgrading of components.
Standardization: Ensures compatibility and consistency across implementations.
Problem Solving: Employs a divide-and-conquer approach for complex issues.

89
Q

Network Architecture Modules

A

Structure: Modules organized in vertical layers, each as a Black Box.
Interactions: Modules use services from lower layers to provide services to upper layers.
Isolation: Each layer operates independently, providing specific functionalities.
Objective: Simplifies complexity by isolating responsibilities and facilitating modular design.

90
Q

Layered Network Architecture

A

Hierarchy:
Service: Functionality provided by a layer to the above layers.
Functions: Implementation of services within the layer.
Interfaces: Standardized communication mechanisms between layers.
Example: Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical layers in OSI model.

91
Q

Layered Network Architecture (Distributed)

A

Concept: Layers expose a unified interface but operate in a distributed manner.
Functionality: Provides consistent services across distributed systems.
Implementation: Ensures interoperability and cohesion in distributed network environments.

92
Q

The OSI Standard

A

Purpose: Framework for standardizing network communication protocols.
Layers:
Application: Provides network services to applications.
Presentation: Translates data formats between application and network.
Session: Manages sessions between applications.
Transport: Ensures reliable data transfer.
Network: Routes packets across networks.
Data Link: Handles node-to-node data transfer.
Physical: Manages transmission of raw bits over physical medium.

93
Q

OSI Standard Protocols

A

Layer Protocol Examples:
Application Layer: FTP, Telnet.
Session Layer: (No specified protocols in the slide).
Transport Layer: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), UDP (User Datagram Protocol).
Networking Layer: IP (Internet Protocol).
Protocol Functions: Each protocol provides specific services aligned with its layer’s responsibilities.

Infrastructure Stratergy (9 decks)

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