Lecture notes Flashcards
1
Q
Gender related definitions
A
A. Sex— biological construct, chromosomes, genitalia, hormones.
B. Sex roles— roles tied to biological sex. Pregnancy, menstruation (not necessarily a role).”, provision of semen, breastfeeding.
C. Gender— socially constructed categories of roles, behavior, personality characteristics that are typically linked to biological sex. More fluid than sex roles, vary across time and culture.
2
Q
Multiple genders
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Atypical, usually a divide of masculinity and femininity.
3
Q
Cultures with multiple genders
A
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Native Americans— Berdache are third and fourth genders; historically respected and seen as sacred.
Balkans: people who take on other gender role to fill societal need; remain virgins, respected.
Jichitan, Mexico: muxe, third gender; male who take on feminie characteristics and roles; respected.
India— Hijrah.
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4
Q
Cultures with rigid gender/ gender roles
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- Morocco— also Muslim, so distinct clothing— including hijab and djellaba in public.
5
Q
Cultures with less rigid gender/ gender roles
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- Agra Negrito— Philippines— very little division of labor
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Gallup poll shows across history there has been a large preference for males.
Ex. In china— single child families— preference for males and would abort girls or commit infanticide.
6
Q
Gender roles
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Socially constructed.
- Masculine— aggressive, stoicism.
- Feminine— emotional, weak, nurturing.
7
Q
Intrarole conflict (gender roles cont’d)
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Can interfere with the role. Conflict within the person in their expected gender role.
Ex.
Women— expected to be nurturing and expressive. Going to feel conflicted about hurting someone’s feelings.
Men— independent and achieving— going to a meeting and gets lost— does he stop and ask for directions— conflict between maintaining independence and achievement of getting there on time.
8
Q
Intra
Inter
A
Intra— Within
Inter— Between
9
Q
Interrole conflict (gender roles cont’d)
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Conflict between your gender and other roles you occupy.
Male— parenting, nurse (might conflict with gender role).
Female— work (have to be aggressive at work).
10
Q
Gender role violations
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Step out of your gender role. A woman choosing not to have kids. With men, it’s not necessarily as tied to masculinity.
A. Backlash effect (people acting negatively toward your gender role violation). Men staying home with kids, out with them during the day and not at a job. People react to it negatively.
11
Q
Gender identity/ gender role identity
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How you identify and act that out in the real world.
12
Q
Attitudes about gender roles
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Traditional
Egalitarian— equal.
Transitional— not rigid, but not more egalitarian.
13
Q
Sexism and discrimination
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Hostile sexism— overt, angry.
Vs.
Benevolent sexism— love women, but treat them poorly.
14
Q
Intersectionality
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Gender, race, class, come together.
15
Q
The scientific method (in general)
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Science— rigorous methodology.
Vs.
Pseudo science— do not have science— dietary fads, horoscopes (astrology).
Attempt at not being biased. Be careful what you buy into.
16
Q
Scientific method (steps and potential bias)
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Bias can creep in. Scientific method: 1. Formulation of question (not really formulating a question on something that’s important— morning sickness, yet little comprehensive research on treatments that do not cause birth defects— not a lot have studied) 2. Hypothesis 3. Test the hypothesis 4. Draw conclusions 5. Make the findings available
17
Q
Directional hypothesis
A
What kind of dependent variables do you come up with— if you expect effects to be negative, you tend to pick negative dependent variables. Did not look at social skills, cognitive development. Piaget would say that kids have to fight it out to learn to solve problems.
Ex. Women working in large numbers voluntarily— daycare— this will be horrible for kids— how’s it going to affect kids— can be biased by political views and values.
Ex. Video game aggression study— blood pressure was higher. Look at physiological response and negative outcomes. Early camps of this research has negative views about this research. Buschman Prof.— Had her degree taken away because they published false data.
18
Q
Reviewers (of research) need to
A
Be careful that the researcher reflect their results. Do not just read the conclusions— look at the results to see if what they found is what they found.
Buschman and Anderson’s general aggression model— heart rate, blood pressure, EMG. Did not find that video game play affected these things.
Editor was a classmate the man who falsified data— and they had bad reviewers.
19
Q
Gathering data
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Systematic observation:
Naturalistic— go into daycare or playground and code their behavior. Structured— items that characterize aggression.
Self-reports:
Clinical interview (serial killer example— not a lot of them— good for non-cisgendered as well)— lose base rate of something you are trying to investigate.
Structured interviews— questionnaires, tests— thesis student did mock interviews on playful aggression— particular questions to ask.
Physiological measures—
Heart rate, blood pressure, EMG, cortisol.
Behavior measures— assessing how often kids are aggressive with each other, could measure PDA of college students.
Cognitive measures.
20
Q
General research designs
A
Experimental and correlational (not able to show causality— looking at the mathematical relationship between two things).
Correlational research:
A. Size/ strength of correlation— absolute value of variables is between 0 to 1, irregardless of sign. 0.6 and above has a lot of meaning in the real world.
Direction of a correlation is tied to the sign.
Positive correlation (same direction, increasing or decreasing together).
Negative correlation (as vaccinations increase, the disease decreases— opposite directions, as one goes up, the other goes down, and son on).
21
Q
Direction of correlation
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Things that are correlated, but not causality, there is a third factor— ice cream and violent crime— but third factor is hot temperature (more people go outside when it is hot out).
Limits— cannot assume causality.
22
Q
Experimental research
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Have one variable you are manipulating (independent variable) and a variable you are measuring (dependent variable).
23
Q
Experimental research (independent variables)
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A. Control of certain things or levels.
B. Look at the outcomes on what you are looking at— blood pressure and heart rate.
24
Q
Limits of experiments
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In a controlled environment, artificial setting, may see different levels at home, people do what they think you want them to do— demand characteristic.
Regulations— ethical bounds— cannot do anything that causes harm— prisoners, children, special needs, etc.
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Common problems with research studies
1. Selection bias— Who serves as participants for medical and psychological research? College students. Self-selection bias— SONA— pick what you want.
2. Lack of internal reliability— not really measuring what you think you are measuring. Measures of aggression in the lab— not sure how much called students register what they are doing. Hot sauce challenge— do a study, then comes out and says we would like them to participate in this study too. Punishment— Hot sauce. Pour how much hot sauce they should have to eat.
3. Lack of external validity— whites, college students, gender of experimenters may affect outcomes as well.
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Approaches to studying gender differences
1. Subject variable (persons self defined sects of gender)— cannot assign people to these conditions— can only be used as a subject variable in correlational research because it cannot be manipulated.
2. Social category (stimulus or target variable)— taking a product like a resume, product on this product.
John— Jessica— take resume and put the names on either one and read it on various kinds of things. John’s is rated more highly. If there’s a male name on a product it is rated more highly.
APA Style— supposed to use initials. People underestimate the amount of female researchers when using initials.
Ethnicity— same phenomenon. White people will be rated higher.
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Ethical issues
Informed consent, minimize risk, etc. Nuremberg trials— nazis— tried because they experimented aggressively on twins in handicapped people, how long it would take their pilots to die.
Nuremberg code— first coat of ethics. Millgram and Stanford prison study. IRB— institutional review board. Before they approve research with kids and prisoners it is more rigorous.
APA tips for nonsexist writing— resource to look at.
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Philosophical political issues in the study of psychology of gender
A. Views on sex/gender differences
1. Minimalist view— other than phenotype sex differences and differences and basic levels of hormones, there is little true gender differences.The differences we see comes from our rearing, not our biology.
2. Maximalist view— most the differences we see in behavior are tied to differences in genes, brains, hormones, and sex differences.
3. Difference versus deficit—
Ex. Hierarchy of morality— punishment avoidance to justice/fairness. Looked at women and said that it was about making people happy, so they did not have a moral gauge. Men and women are reared differently— that is why they respond differently.
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Minimalist
Believe— We should not examine sex differences because then it makes it overly important.
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Maximalist
Believe— We should examine sex differences.
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Feminism and women studies (philosophical political issues in the realm of studying gender)
1. Feminism
A. Liberal/egalitarian feminism— equality, equal pay. Equal rights, opportunity, and public, home and work.
B. Cultural feminism— more conservative you — focusing on increasing the value of women’s role in the home but not across contexts.
C. Radical feminism— whose name? Marxist theory –– deconstruct stuff in general. Deconstructing some basic sociopolitical structures. Revolutionary moment. In particular, the patriarchy –– getting rid of male power and control. Changing how society works by doing so.
D. African-American feminism— mainstream feminism is to white middle-class and it’s concerns and does not focus as much on African-Americans and working-class women. Angela Davis – – black panther. Marxism – – she has written on the dialects of oppression. Radical feminism, and rights for women overall.
Bell Hooks— Prolific in their writing.
Gloria Steinem.
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NOW (National organization for women)
Pretty big group and extremely active when she first got here. Protested the silence of the walk for awareness. “No shirt, free beer“ – – made news, where dose amigos was.
What can these groups do that NOW cannot do? That they protested the state funding of the women center –– not allowed to protest or anything. If you don’t receive state funds, you can protest. Bree Newsom–– she climbed up the flagpole at the state house and took down the Confederate flag. After the women center became a force, died away and disappeared.
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Examples of feminist activism
-Volunteering at a women shelter
-Helping set up a day care program
-Volunteering at a rape crisis center
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The men’s movement
1. Boy Scouts— issues: (tied to the development of Boy Scouts): give them a context to be around strong righteous male role models (Christian emphasis)— Hello sexual male leaders were the only ones allowed. When along in this frigid away, then what started to happen? Took a while, but then became more excepting. Did not let gay scouts in. Either kicked out or in protest of their rule. First thing that bent was accepting gay scouts. Presbyterian churches kicked them out, then gay leaders, then trans, and now girls. Maybe just make a “scouts” group?
Primarily agrarian, primarily rural areas, everyone worked hard, men and boys were outside more, have rural areas now still some to some extent – – concern was that they were not going outside, not in nature learning how to be men, doing stuff with their hands.
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Male feminism
Focus more on men in a way, but equal rights for women is pulled into this. Understanding that gender roles are bad for men and women. Wanting to be able to engage in female jobs, or behavior without being denigrated for it. Stay at home dad‘s have been denigrated for taking on that role. Stay at home dads, flight attendants, nurses, etc.
-National organization for men against sexism
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Men’s rights groups
Traditional in their views. View women’s movement and changing gender roles as a negative thing. – – Want to return the more rigid gender roles. I think that feminism a precious man and her children, family, and society. Because mother should be at home with children not at work. Hurts men because it takes away from their work because they have to take on these new rules.
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Masculine identity groups
A. Mythopoetic movement — Jungian psycho analytic in nature, but disagreed with Freud emphasis on sexuality. Brought in a broad spirituality – – have a collective unconscious (Bly, Campbell)— hero, King, warrior, wild man archetypes. Over masculinized.
Society makes this unbalanced and skewed. Basis for how we separate in society, born with an innate, unconscious understanding. In the unconscious, basic application on gender and the understanding of it.
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Anima
| Animos
Anima— feminine.
| Animos— masculine.
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Andro
| Gyno
Andro— male.
| Gyno— female.
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Androgyny
Masculine and feminine together.
Collective collections of roles in society.
We have archetypes. Mother–– feminine.
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Mythopoetic movement
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Say man fall into this far too often. Bly and Campbell, Jeff Arnette –– wrote about this a lot. Jungian point of view–– boys will be boys as an archetype. Weekend retreats. Tried a talking stick in Congress. Poetry. Bonding through rituals, banging on drums, sweat lodges.
Issues with Boy Scouts, psychoanalytic view. Dad‘s did not spend a lot of time with their kids. Treatment was expressing through poetry and getting in touch with their emotions. To get men out of these gender stereotypes, to develop a positive masculinity.
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Early history (early research from 1800s to mid 1900s)
Looking at gender and racial differences in intelligence. Men and women. Blacks, whites, and Native Americans. Steven Jay Gould‘s book on these. Measured skills using stereotaxic devices, or using buckshot to see how many would fit in there. Males are larger, so they will have bigger heads and cranial capacity. Best predictor of intelligence is how convoluted your brain is. Deconstructs the racial comparison. Used female skulls for African-Americans, Native Americans, then white, male skulls. Eugenics area. Would use larger buckshot in the other race schools, then smaller for whites. Going to be able to fit more in the white male skulls.
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Who published the bell curve?
Hernstein
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Psychoanalytic theories
Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Karen Horney, Nancy Chodrow.
Freud‘s free association analysis.
Parts of personality, ID, ego, then the super ego. Five developmental stages – – oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. Developed several defense mechanisms–– repression, projection, denial, regression. Fair amount of evidence that he was right about the defense mechanisms. Babies are born all ID, through the oral stage. Then the anal stage, control themselves and the people around them. Then the ego develops and goes into the phallic stage–– noticed that not everyone has a penis, so now they are afraid of castration. Then they start to fantasize about sex with their mother, and they resent their father. Want to grow up to marry someone like mom. Develops with this resolution and the oedipal complex, notice the inferiority of their organ, and resent mom, and fantasize about dad (electra). Cannot quite overcome this because she is left with the vestiges of penis envy. Bible–– Eve leads Adam off-track. Thought the females or less moral than men.
Lost latency–– Develop adult sexuality and genital stage. That was Freud secondary.
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Freud’s first theory
A lot of kids were abused by trusted adults in their childhood and this lead to mental health problems in adulthood. The seduction theory–– people laughed at him. If it were true, he would have had to accept that his father had sexually assaulted his siblings. Changed it to the oedipal complex of children sexually fantasizing of adults. A lot of other theorists rejected the sexual side.
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Karen Horney
Not penis envy, but men have womb envy, because they cannot have kids and comes out as aggression toward women.
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Nancy Choderob
Post Freudian psychoanalytic feminist. Agrees with the Boy Scouts and the treatment theory. Both little boys and girls are around women, what it’s like to be a woman and feminine. More positive models for women. Boys are noticing their differences from women. Little boys do not constantly have this role model. Girls develop by looking at them. Boys develop it by being opposite from them. If mom is soft and nurturing, I have to be hard and not nurturing. Boys need to be around positive, male model role models. Negative identity.
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Got to 1/31/18
CONTINUE MAKING FLASHCARDS LATER.
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Personality theories
1. AIAS – – attitude interest analysis survey. Terman-– table 2.4. Freud thought that it was relating to the parent that form gender identity. Binet–– commissioned by the French government to create an IQ test to identify special needs kids. Successful test for its time.
Terman— took Binet’s test to redo it for Americans (best known for). Also interested in gender and how people perceive gender. Interested in global dichotomies assessment of things that were more related to being masculine or feminine.
2. MMPI— m/f (sounds bi-polar to measure this, but not quite so... homosexuality was in there as a disorder, so it was in there to diagnose homosexuality in men, but not women— denial and invisibility of lesbians) scale validity scales.–– That queue you too how reliable the people are answering the questions. Used in a clinical sense. Relevant clinically now anyway.–– May pick up on education or metrosexuality.
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Developmental theories of gender identity and behavior
Social learning (Bandura)— imitation and behavior leads to gender identity.
2. Cognitive developmental (Piaget- Colbert— schemes always come before behavior— have to have object permanence first— have to have scheme in place before those behaviors)— self perception of gender identity comes before behavior.
Probably more of this (gender schema) that is going on.— 3. Gender schema–– combines social learning and cognitive developmental theories.
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Biological theories
1. Hormones
Estradiol–– female
Testosterone-– male
Maximalist-– think there is a strong biological component to gender and gender behavior.
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Evolutionary biology and sociobiology
Monday morning quarterbacking – 20/20 hindsight – everybody knows just what you should have done to win. We already know the gender roles.
Theory is that way back – men were hunters, women were gatherers – there is no evidence of that, it is an assumption. Could hunt, but not gather because of the environment. Can hunt readily in the yard. Nothing to gather that you could live off of. No real evidence that that was so. Women have better location memory which is good for gathering.
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Gender as a social category
1. The gender binary— male/female – masculine/feminine— very separate. People are trying to see it as a spectrum— deconstructing the gender binary/– transgender, non-gendered, gender queer, intergendered, agender gender hybrid, gender fluid.
Cis gender— male/ female.
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Development of gender identity and gender stereotyping
A. Cisgender identity development.
1. Gender identity— kids develop this pretty early on, by the age of two, sometimes earlier.
2. Gender role— depends on whether or not parents are trying to influence gender roles. Peers are a big part of this though. By late infancy— early childhood, showing preference for gender-typed toys.
3. Gender labeling of other people. Starts at two, consistent by three, includes use of pronouns.
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Gender constancy
Gender constancy is understanding that cisgender people if male remain male, if female remain female, no matter what clothes or hair style. Little boy might think he can grow up to be a mommy and have a baby until five or six.
Boys have a penis, girls have a vagina, they will develop this sense of constancy earlier.
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Gender stereotyping— category based vs. target based expectancies
By two or so, kids categorize fairly well-– occupation and that sort of thing.
1. Feminine traits, masculine traits.
Feminine: nurturing, emotional, empathetic, decisive, compassionate.
Masculine: aggressive, decisive, dominant, competitive, stoic. – “Boys don’t cry” is a more negatively phrased expectancy.
Women— expressive (indoors).
Men— instrumental (outdoors).
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Household chores
Boys get paid more.
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Occupations
Male: president, CEO.
Female: teacher, nurse.
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Development of gender stereotyping
1. Toddlers— toy preferences— heterosocial— do not care who they play with.
2. Preschool— really buy into gender stereotypes— only men can be doctors or president. Like to play with kids as the same gender they perceive themselves as.
A. Homosociality— remains the rule through mid-adolescence.
3. Middle childhood and adolescence— in middle childhood we become more logical. Understand women can be president and CEO. In boys, still strongly follow behavior. Girls are less so, more fluid. Increased adherence to gender stereotypes.
Stereotype personality traits and academics and let it affect their class choices.
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Stereotyping across ethnicity
Stereotypes that middle-class white people have.
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The shifting standard
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Shifting standard (“hits well for a girl; men seen as more emotional if they cry).
One standard of behavior for men and another for women. For example, minute and nurturing behavior, writing, crying.
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Measurement of gender roles
BEM sex-role inventory (BSRI)— instead of a dichotomy, looked at as a continuum.
1. High masculinity
2. High femininity
3. Androgyny— relatively high and evenly
4. Undifferentiated— low scores in both. Pretty unusual
Masculine or androgenous are tied to higher mental health.
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Personal attributions questionnaire (PAQ)
Helmreich and Stapp.
A. Unmitigated agency— unlimited— looking out for yourself— means you do not give a shit about anyone else. Agency to the point where you may take advantage of or step on others if they get in your way.
Overlaps with narcissistic personality sorter. Seems pathological to have this much focus on self that you don’t care how much your behavior affects others.
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Unmitigated communion (concern)
Typically, women are higher on this. Tied to taking care of other people so much that you do not take care of yourself. Can lose your identity in other people, exhausted (increases risk for depression, mental health problems, and getting ill).
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Gender role strain (males)
A. Males— causes of gender role strain include— homophobia, emotional inhibition (harder for them to develop healthy coping mechanisms, may not be as in touch with their emotions, hard to deal with and see emotions in other people— in relationships, may limit intimacy and closeness), physical strength, achievement orientation, dominance/ aggression, independence.
May limit closeness in friendships for fear of being perceived as gay.
Physical strength— expected to do more strenuous work, less of a man if they are not big and strong. When they are injured or sick doing too much, may take more physical risks.
Achievement orientation— if they are not able to achieve, they will not feel like a man, you are never quite enough.
Dominance/aggression— can cause abusive relationships, at work can make men feel more competitive with each other. Men report more loneliness than women do. Men are less likely to report sexual abuse and domestic violence.
Independence— often do not ask for help and want to do things on their own, stubbornness, why it bothers other males for them to be stay at home dads.
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Gender role strain (females)
Places strain on females in a different way. Causes of gender role strain— fear of: losing relationships, afraid if they did not have sex they would lose their boyfriend.
Physical unattractiveness— eating disorders, cosmetic surgeries.
Victimization— schedule do anything, walking in the dark, events alone, drinking in public, being assertive— how you are perceived, going to be called a bitch, asking for higher pay, not being nurturant— needing to take care of everyone else to the detriment of them, being stigmatized if you do not choose to have kids, make women who are infertile having anxiety or depression.
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Sexual dimorphism: are there always two sexes?
Not always two distinct sexes.
Lizards— only females— still produce gametes by meiosis. Don’t have to have sex to conceive— basically produce offspring without sex or fertilization— have sex just for fun, not for reproduction. Sometimes organism switch sex based on population biological needs.
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Human endocrine glands and hormones
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1. Hypothalamus (Regulates pituitary gland)— gonadotropic releasing hormone (GRH).
2. (Regulates all other glands) Pituitart gland— (secretes these) gonadotropic (goes to gonads) hormones; FSH, LH.
3. Gonads (stimulates the release of these)— androgens, estrogens, progestins.
Hypothalamus—> pituitary—> controls everything else.
Thyroid— metabolism.
Pancreas— adrenals.
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Typical prenatal sexual differentiation
Most commonly happens in humans. First 22– autosomals, 23 sex chromosomes.— determined by whether you have an XX or XY.
Always get an X from mom and either get an X or Y from father.
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Sexual differentiation (chromosomal and sex)
A. Chromosomal (genetic) sex (XX, XY).
B. Gonadal sex— (start to excrete testosterone and mullerian inhibiting substance. Add testosterone— add estrogen— wollfian reabsorbed. Women changes into ovaries and starts excreting wstrogen) SRY gene, starts to develop into tests. And then to start releasing some hormones into ovaries.
C. Hormonal sex
D. Internal reproductive organs— 6 weeks, two duct systems. Wolfian duct system— black. Mullerian duct system— white.
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External genitalia
Genital tubercle.
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Typical prenatal sexual differentiation
A. Chromosomal (genetic) sex (XX, XY).
B. Gonadal sex— SRY gene.
C. Hormonal sex— testosterone and mullerian.
D. Internal reproductive organs
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Internal reproductive organs (male and female)
Male: wolffian duct system.
Female— mullerian duct system.
All embryos have both of these duct systems at 6 weeks— then either develop into testes or ovaries.
XY— testosterone will cue the development of the black duct system, then the mullerian inhibiting substance stops others from growing. The wollfian system goes away. Mullerian— fallopian tubes and the upper part of the vagina.
External genitalia— genital tubercle— testosterone develops into a penis, without testosterone turns into a clitoris. Not sure if there’s another hormone or not.
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Sex label
Labelled based on appearance at birth— typically reared in gender role way.
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Development of intersexuality (hint: CAH)
NOTE: during the embryonic phase after organs have been developed, but genitals are vulnerable to chemical influences for a while.
A. Androgenital syndrome= not necessarily infertile genotypically female.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia— usually a large clitoris. XX— internal organs are there, but a lot of androgens are added and the girl’s clitoris is greatly enlarged or turns into a small penis. Primary phenotype difference.
Show more gender atypic behavior and less heterosexual in nature, and rearing can effect this. Might be a combination of both. Typically the fetus releases these, but could be the mom too.
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Androgen insensitivity syndrome (genotypically male)
In an XY embryo (testicular feminization syndrome). XY— has SRY gene to gonads to release testosterone to create testes.
Sends out SRY gene to create testosterone.
The cells in the embryo will not use the testosterone it produces. Wolfian system does not develop. Mullerian inhibiting system does not develop, so neither of the duct systems develop. Has some Gonadal material, but no accessory organs.
Genitals tubercle develops into clitoris. Lower part of vagina and clitoris develop from genital tubercle.
Typically labelled and reared as female— does nor have a period, but her body will not use testosterone. Produce testosterone, but the body will use estrogen. Sterile. Average male height and feminine. Are orgasmic because they have a clitoris.
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5 Alpha-reductase deficiency (has a genetic link— have to get two autosomal recessiveness)
Type of intersexuality that has most commonly resulted in surgery. Idea— men cannot be happy w/ small penis, so reared as girls, but at puberty it develops a lot. Body dysmorphia and suicide is common with this type. Common in the Dominican republic, considered a 3rd gender. When they go through puberty make their choice.
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“Middlesex”— by Jeffrey Euginides
Childhood thought they were a girl, then through puberty realized that was mot the case.
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Chromosomal (XXY- 1 in 1,000, XYY- 1 in 5,000, XO- blank not an 0)
Phenotypically male male because of the Y. Super tall and have bad acne. Often lower IQ and learning disabilities. In prison of a higher rate than the base rate population.
XXY— Kleinfelter— sterile. Will need hormones to develop secondary sex characteristics.
XYY— called superman syndrome— not sterile. Will not need hormones.
Higher prison rate— thought that may be more aggressive because of testosterone. Really tall and bad acne, so more likely to be caught. Learning disabilities/ IQ might lead to blocked opportunity hypothesis. May get caught more often if they are not as smart.
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Less likely to go on at stages in the judicial system
If you have money, white, pretty. Bias in that these groups are mot good looking, have less money and are more likely to go to jail.
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XO (Turner’s syndrome)
Female because there is no Y. Phenotype female. Short, short neck, tends to have extra webbing on her neck. May have learning disabilities and lower IQ. Sterile. Will not develop secondary sex characteristics without hormone treatments.
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XXX (or XXXX)
Syndrome tied to low IQ. Severe cognitive impairment.
All the bad stuff.
Testosterone for men, probably nothing for women.
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Brain growth and maturation overview
Neural development— starts prenatally. Slows, but never ends.
1. Branching and myelination (myelin builds up on the axons) cell body, axon, dendrites.
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Cerebral cortex development
Cortexes are functional areas.
1. Sensory and motor cortex— homunculus— little person// shows how much brain tissue is dedicated to each part of the brain,
Fine motor— have more brain dedicated to them than gross motor. Face, mouth, hands, a lot is tied to that. Gross motor takes less effort than fine motor.
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Fine motor
Hands, lips, mouth, tongue. Tied to how sensitive most of these body parts are. No significant difference in male and females.
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Motor humulus
Mostly hands and mouth.
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Cortical lateralization
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1. Left hemisphere— operates right side. Analytical thought, more sequential processes, language. Math and analytical— part of music eugenics, history, racist. Movement of lips, mouth, and tongue.
A. Broca’s area— motor. Speech production.
B. Wernicke’s area— comprehension. Work incoordination.
