Lecture notes Flashcards
What’s the two major classes of PRR’s and what is their difference in function?
Endocytic PRR’s cause phagocytosis independent of opsonization through antibodies or IC. They can also clear apoptopic bodies, antigen presentation etc. Signalling PRR’s cause downstream signalling to facilitate in inflammation as in production of cytokines, chemokines, etc.
Give some examples of receptors for both of the two major PRR’s classes
Endocytic PRR’s examples are scavenger receptors and C-type lectin receptor. Signalling PRR’s examples are toll like receptors, NOD like receptors.
Give five examples on what the innate immune system can do
Release cytokines, proteases, ROS, adapt the adaptive immunity through antigen presentation and phagocytosis of infected cells and apoptopic bodies.
How does clearance of inflammation happen 5 examples:
Desensitization and downregulation of receptor activity, production and release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF, apoptosis of pro-inflammatory cells as well as immune cells having short half time life, upregulation of anti-inflammatory molecules such as IL-1b antagonist.
What is the most common type of allergic response?
Type 1 which is Th2 mediated.
What happens and why during late phase of allergy response?
Eosinophils is recruited and they are part of the late phase response as they are not normally circulating in tissue but recruited to site after memory T and B cells specific for the antigen cause release of cytokines and activation of degranulization and histamine release of granulocytes.
How does adaptive immunity get it’s variation in general?
Through MHC molecules being polymorphic, polygenic and co-dominantly expressed which makes them very idnevidual, somatic recombination of TCR and B cell receptors.
What characterizes memory T cells?
They are found in the peripheral tissue, can self proliferate but slowly and is less dependent on costimulation to be activated.
What does Cd8 and CD4 cells do?
CD8 cells cause lysis in tumor or viral infected somatic cells and Th cells has many functions such as activating different parts of the innate immune response, causing isotype switching in B cells, etc.
How does Tregs regulate inflammation give examples
Release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as TF and IL-10, cause apoptosis in effector T cells by releasing granzymes and creating perforin pores, cause metabolic disurption, cell to cell interaction and deorive them of cytokines, inhibit dendritic cell function and antigen presentation, inhibit T cell porliferation and surrvival etc.
What is the fate of naive B cells what can they end up as?
After recognition of antigen, Th cells interaction or other stimuli they can become mature plasma B cells that are antibody producing, undergo isotype switching as they start off as IgD or IgM, turn into Bregs or memory B cells.
What are the functions of the 4 different isotypes of B cells antibodies?
IgM complement activation, IgG opsonization, phagocytosis, neonatal immunnity due to longer half life, complement activation, IgE mast cell activation, IgA mucosal immunity and protection of baby as it’s transferred through breast milk.
What do the antibody consist of and what is it’s function
The light chain binds to antigens and the heavy chain binds to FC and complement receptors.
Give examples of the antibodies function
IgG and IgA can neutrilize pathogens, IgG can opsonize pathogens and sensitize them for NK killing, IgG and IgM can activate the complement system and IgE can cause mast cell activation.
How do we get antibody variation?
Hypermutation of B cells, VDJ recombination and addition of nucleotides in each heavy and light chain.
