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animal behaviour and welfare > lecture notes > Flashcards

lecture notes Flashcards

1
Q

definition of learning?

A

a relatively long lasting change in behaviour as a result of experience

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2
Q

what is the definition of training?

A

if the experience is intentionally provided by people

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3
Q

what is the definition of behaviour?

A

an action, or pattern of actions, which results from interactions between genes, the environment and particularly experience

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4
Q

what is the difference between psychology and ethology?

A

psychology - the study of the mind, ‘how does it work’?
ethology - the biological study of behaviour, more evolutionary history and what the behaviour is for

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5
Q

what is cognitive ethology?

A

the animal’s perception/experience, the influence of conscious awareness and intention on behaviour

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6
Q

the causative “what” mechanism?

A

relates to the internal and external factors influencing behaviour and mechanisms, ie what causes the behaviour to be performed?

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7
Q

ontogenetic “how” development?

A

how has the behaviour developed during a lifetime? in what way has it been influenced by experience and learning?

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8
Q

functional (why) adaptation?

A

focuses on evolutionary purpose of behaviour. why is the animal performing the behaviour? how can this behaviour increase chance of survival?

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9
Q

phylogenetic ‘when’ evolution?

A

evolutionary history - how did this behaviour evolve? how far back does this behaviour date?

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10
Q

true or false - are most behaviours motivated by experiences/states?

A

true

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11
Q

some examples of positive drivers for a behaviour?

A

pleasure seeking, rewards

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12
Q

some examples of negative drivers for a behaviour?

A

avoidance/fear, pain, anxiety

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13
Q

true or false - do innate behaviours conform to emotional state drivers?

A

nope - they’re there from birth

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14
Q

what is stimuli?

A

the quanta of information that are sensed by the animal and cause a response (can be internal or external, but we’re more concerned about the latter)

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15
Q

what is salience?

A

innate value (survival stuff I guess, whatever’s most important)

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16
Q

what is non associate learning?

A

instances in which an animal’s behaviour towards a stimulus changes in the absence of any apparent event eg reward or punishment (determining which stimuli are meaningful through repeated exposure or exposure during sensitive periods)

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17
Q

what is associative learning?

A

pairing meaningful stimuli that are related to each other

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18
Q

true or false - does learning occur all the time, both associated and non associative learning being constantly updated over the course of their life?

A

yupppp

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19
Q

does learning change the behaviour of an animal in response to its experience

A

yuppppp

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20
Q

what type of learning is imprinting, habituation, sensitisation and desensitisation all an example of?

A

non associative

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21
Q

what type of learning is both classical conditioning (pavlovian) and operant conditioning (skinnerian) both an example of?

A

associative learning

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22
Q

what is imprinting?

A

a ususally permanent, rapid, learning during a particular sensitive period (eg baby birds)

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23
Q

what is habituation?

A

decreasing or stopping your response to a stimulus that is not biologically relevant, usually after repeated exposure

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24
Q

what is sensitisation?

A

an increase in response following repeated exposure to stimulus (eg adverse reactions to loud noises like fireworks)

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25
Q

what is desensitisation?

A

a decrease or cessation of a previously sensitised response following repeated exposure to the stimulus (like habituation, but with a previously sensitised stimulus)

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26
Q

what is classical conditioning, also known as pavlovian conditioning?

A

associating a novel stimulus with an appropriate response - eg salivating in response to the sound of food being prepared

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27
Q

what is operant conditioning, also known as Skinneran conditioning?

A

a change in the probability of a behaviour being performed due to a learned association between that behaviour and a meaningful consequence for the animal (eg reinforcer or punisher). eg it’s time for food, I should press the lever

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28
Q

is operant or classical conditioning the basis for most animal training?

A

operant

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28
Q

what does reinforcement do?

A

increases/maintains the behaviour

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29
Q

what does punishment do?

A

decrease the behaviour

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30
Q

what does positive mean in a training context?

A

adding/presenting a stimuli

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31
Q

what does negative mean in a training context?

A

removal of a stimuli

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32
Q

R+ meaning? (positive reinforcement)

A

the presentation/addition of a pleasant stimulus increases the behaviour

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33
Q

R- meaning? (negative reinforcement)

A

the removal of an adverse stimulus increases the behaviour

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34
Q

P+ meaning? (positive punishment)

A

presentation/addition of an adverse stimulus decreases the behaviour

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35
Q

P- meaning? (negative punishment)

A

removal of a pleasant stimulus decreases the behaviour

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36
Q

what is continual reinforcement, and likelihood of extinction?

A

every occurrence of the behaviour is paired with the reinforcer, both learning and extinction occur rapidly

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36
Q

what’s the difference between a primary and a secondary reinforcer?

A

primary reinforcer - something of biological significance to the animal (food, sex etc)
secondary reinforcer - has become reinforcement through learned association, eg clickers (classical conditioning)

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37
Q

what is partial reinforcement, and likelihood of extinction?

A

only some of the occurrences of the behaviour are paired with the reinforcer. learning occurs more slowly, but this method is resistant to extinction. methods include interval or ratio, fixed or variable

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38
Q

what is fixed ratio (FR)?

A

the behaviour is reinforced only after behaviour occurs a specified number of times. the faster you respond, the more rewards you get - very high rate of responding

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39
Q

what is variable ratio (VR)?

A

the behaviour is reinforced after an unpredictable number of times. very hard to extinguish because of unpredictability (dogs can count)

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40
Q

what is fixed intervals (FI)?

A

behaviour is reinforced only after specific time has elapsed. frequency of behaviour increases when the time of reward draws near

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41
Q

what is variable intervals (VI)?

A

behaviour is reinforced at unpredictable time intervals. produced slow, steady responses

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42
Q

what is differential reinforcement (DR)?

A

the dog is given valued rewards that reflect the quality of the performance, eg the better the response the higher value reward it gets and vice versa. this is the most effective strategy

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43
Q

what is the process of shaping?

A

the process of building a particular behaviour gradually using a series of small steps to achieve the final behaviour. more humane than force

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44
Q

what is the process of chaining?

A

the behaviours in a chaining sequence, eg each behaviour cues the next. needs to be broken down when chaining a routine. the most common technique in advanced animal training.

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45
Q

what is discrimination vs generalisation?

A

discrimination - where they can distinguish between two stimuli that look the same but differ in a feature eg different coloured feeding buckets for each horse,
generalisation - responding to the same general thing in the same way eg guide dogs and stairs, wherever the stairs are

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46
Q

what are some of the factors affecting learning?

A
  • motivational state (eg hunger)
  • biological predisposition
  • environment (distractors, anxiety)
  • age
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47
Q

what are the factors that affect behaviour?

A

genetics, environment, and experience

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48
Q

what is the function of motivation (a state in which we are stimulated and our behaviour is goal oriented)?

A
  • regulatory (drives us to engage in behaviours that regulate internal states, eg eating)
  • goal directed (drives us to engage in behaviours that fulfil personal goals)
49
Q

what is need?

A

a state of deficiency or deprivation

50
Q

what is a drive?

A

psychological states activated to satisfy needs

51
Q

what is reward?

A

when the behaviour satisfies need, the animal experiences drive reduction

52
Q

what is learning theory?

A

need activates behaviour, animal engages in behaviour (trial and error) until if finds one that satisfies the need - leads to drive reduction. also a cognitive processes and emotional element to explain behaviours that persist after need is met eg chasing a ball

53
Q

what are the three factors that make up animal welfare?

A
  • science (understanding animals and their interests)
  • ethics (what should I do with animals and why)
  • policy and law (consensus view about our interactions with animals)
54
Q

which of the three factors is social licence under?

A

animal ethics (what should I do with my animal and why)

55
Q

what is animal welfare state?

A

the overall mental experiences of an animal, wellbeing and quality of life.

56
Q

animal welfare is an innate property of sentient animals - true or false?

A

true

57
Q

true or false - have animals always had welfare?

A

true

58
Q

what is animal welfare science rooted in?

A

ethical concern for animals

59
Q

what are the five freedoms?

A
  1. freedom from hunger and thirst
  2. freedom from discomfort
  3. freedom from pain, injury and disease
  4. freedom to express normal behaviour
  5. freedom from fear and distress
60
Q

what is animal welfare?

A

a characteristic of an individual animal - how the animal is experiencing it’s life. also an academic discipline lol

61
Q

what are the three orientations of animal welfare (different to the factors that make it up)

A
  • biological functions
  • natural living
  • affective state (feelings)
    note - these are not completely seperate or mutually exclusive
62
Q

biological function - emphasis, goal, line of reasoning?

A

emphasis - basic health and functioning
goal - ensure good physical health, functioning, reproduction
thinking - welfare is good when animal is healthy (free from injury and disease) growing and reproducing well.

63
Q

issues with biological function alone?

A

not considering the mental health of the animal, ability to display natural behaviours. farmers and traditional vets tended to have this focus

64
Q

natural living - emphasis, goal, way of thinking?

A

emphasis - naturalness of environment, ability to express natural behaviour
goal - to allow animal to develop and live in a way that is natural to the species/matches their adaptations
way of thinking - welfare is good when the animal’s environment is similar to their natural environment and/or they are able to perform their full range of natural behaviours

65
Q

natural living - issues with this perspective alone?

A

exposed to more pathogens, extreme temperatures, predation etc, and with highly domesticated/extremely selectively bred animals… what is their natural habitat?

66
Q

affective state - emphasis, goals, way of thinking?

A

emphasis - subjective experience/emotions
goal - minimise unpleasant feelings, allow normal pleasures
way of thinking - welfare is good when the animal is experiencing a positive mental state

67
Q

issues with affective state alone?

A

the other two factors contribute significantly to this, eg overfeeding your animal will make it happy in the short term but not good for it’s health in the long term

68
Q

what is our current understanding of animal welfare?

A

animal welfare status is determined by affective state (we take an affective state approach), and incorporates elements of other two orientations

69
Q

true or false - can subjective states influence biological function?

A

yup, eg depression, same as in people, can negatively influence immune function

70
Q

true or false - is animal welfare subjective, and can’t be measured?

A

yup - it’s the internal world of an animal

71
Q

what does infer mean?

A

to deduce and conclude from evidence and reasoning, reach an opinion from available information or facts. indirect, subjective

72
Q

what method are we using to study animal welfare?

A

inference

73
Q

scientific techniques used to study animal welfare in the biological function approach?

A
  • veterinary pathology
  • disease epidemiology
  • survival and reproduction
74
Q

scientific techniques used to study animal welfare in the natural living approach?

A
  • observational studies in wild/free living animals
  • environmental features, behaviour
75
Q

scientific techniques used to study animal welfare in the affective state approach?

A
  • affective neuroscience
  • cognitive bias testing
  • facial expression
  • qualitative behavioural assessment (QBA)
76
Q

what is the criteria for an animal to be capable of perceiving states that we consider reflect it’s welfare - it must be…?

A
  • sentient (capacity to have subjective experiences that matter) and
  • conscious (unconscious animals cannot decide anything)
77
Q

definition of sentience?

A

having the neural capacity to process sensory input in a meaningful way. must be phylogenetically and developmentally sentient (hence why the early developmental stages are disregarded)

78
Q

what are welfare indicators, and their two broad categories?

A

observable or measurable variables that provide info on welfare status (affective state).
can be:
- animal based
- non animal based

79
Q

what are types of non animal based indicators?

A
  • resource based (physical environment, resources available to the animal)
  • management based (how trained your staff is, antibiotic use/husbandry practices/weaning age etc)
80
Q

indirect, input-based, alerting - is this animal based or non animal based indicators?

A

non animal based

81
Q

what are types of animal based indicators?

A

measures taken directly from the animal itself, either externally or internally measurable (either live animals or post mortem)

82
Q

live and/or post mortem, direct, output based - are these animal based indicators or non animal based?

A

animal based

83
Q

how is welfare status assessed?

A

using the five domains model (new and improved five freedoms)

84
Q

what is domain 1?

A

nutrition - food and water availability, quality etc

85
Q

what is domain 2?

A

physical environment - temperature, humidity, air quality, light intensity, substrate, flooring, space, enclosure design and so on

86
Q

what is domain 3?

A

health - presence/absence of disease, injury, functional impairment (think body condition, physical fitness etc)

87
Q

what is domain 4?

A

behavioural interaction - with other animals, humans, and the environment around them. this is the agency domain - the ability to engage in voluntary, self generated, goal related behaviours

88
Q

what is domain 5?

A

mental/affective state - this is not assessed as it’s own domain and not seperate from domain 1-4, but an inference of these

89
Q

how many deer can a deer crush hold?

A

1-2

90
Q

how high should deer fencing be?

A

1.8m

91
Q

which husbandry procedures need deer to be yarded for?

A

ear tagging, weighing, tb testing, drafting into mobs, preg testing (ultrasound), DNA parentage testing, animal health treatments/vet visits, velvet antler removal

92
Q

which domain/s fall under the biological function approach?

A

domains 1-3 (nutrition, physical environment and health respectively). focus here is internally generated states.

93
Q

which domain/s fall under the natural living approach?

A

domain four - behavioural interaction. focus here is perception of external circumstances

94
Q

which domain/s fall under the affective state approach?

A

domain five - mental/affective state

95
Q

true or false - does meeting needs at the level of domains 1-3 lead to neutral welfare at best?

A

true

96
Q

meeting needs at the level of which domain/s can lead to positive welfare?

A

domain 4 - behavioural interactions

97
Q

true or false - is welfare assessment and compromise assessed together?

A

FALSE - they’re assessed separately

98
Q

should you count the same factor under more than one domain while assessing animal welfare?

A

NOPEEEE, don’t do that - double counting is bad

99
Q

what are survival critical negative experiences?

A

INHERENTLY UNPLEASANT (this is important as a signal for the animal to rectify), internally generated, reflect imbalances that threaten survival. generated by conditions that arise in domains 1-3, stimulate behavioural responses important to survival eg thirst, hunger. alleviation leads to neutral welfare at best

100
Q

what are transient positives?

A

serve to reinforce corrective actions, eg pleasure associated with eating or drinking after hunger/thirst. short lived, just a return to homeostatic neutral state

101
Q

what are situation related negative experiences?

A

thwarting of genetically preprogrammed or learned motivations to engage in rewarding behaviours and/or failure to gain anticipated rewards from behaviour. domain 4 related, externally generated. usually require human intervention to rectify, animals lack the control/agency to do so - interventions can lead to positive welfare

102
Q

what are abnormal/displaced behaviours?

A

possible consequence of being unable to perform highly motivated behaviours - possible indication of frustration, boredom, stress etc

103
Q

what are ARBs - abnormal repetitive behaviour?

A

“repetitive behaviour influenced by frustration, repeated attempts to cope and/or CNS dysfunction”. driven by motivational frustration, fear or physical discomfort - not usually seen in wild/free living counterparts, often have no apparent function eg pacing, swaying, head bobbing, self mutilation, over grooming, chewing

104
Q

what are the benefits of ARBs for the animals/why do they do them?

A

can reflect attempts to cope with suboptimal environment
- generate sensory/psychological feedback provided by natural behaviours
- inherently calming rhythmic behaviours

105
Q

if there is an absence of ARBs in suboptimal environments, does this mean welfare is not compromised?

A

nope - can even signal even more severe welfare compromise
- depression
- learned helplessness
they’re not even trying to help themselves at this point

106
Q

some options for alleviating ARBs (abnormal repetitive behaviours)?

A
  • environmental enrichment (the only one that addresses underlying problems)
  • pharmacology
  • training them to do an alternative behaviour that doesn’t look so bad in zoos etc
  • physical prevention or punishment
107
Q

what is welfare protection?

A

eliminating/minimising negative experiences, provides neutral welfare at best

108
Q

what is welfare enhancement?

A

promoting positive experiences - this is necessary for an animal to have good welfare

109
Q

what are the two requirements of positive welfare?

A
  • absence/low level negative experiences
  • presence of positive experiences
110
Q

does simply providing opportunities to engage in desirable/rewarding behaviour enhance animal welfare?

A

nope - welfare is only enhanced when animals utilise available opportunities

111
Q

what is environmental enrichment?

A

(domain 4) provision (and utilisation) of opportunities to engage in species-specific desirable/rewarding behaviours, including
- environment focused behaviours
- animal-to-animal interactions
- human-animal interactions (for some species that like it)

112
Q

what are some examples of environment focused environmental enrichment?

A
  • physical/structural (complexity of environment, changing it up)
  • cognitive (training, problem solving)
  • food based
  • sensory
113
Q

what are some examples of animal-to-animal (social) environmental enrichment?

A

providing an opportunity to interact with other animals, either
- within the species
- between species that would normally interact in the wild
- artificial images/mirrors

114
Q

what are some examples of animal-human interaction based environmental enrichment?

A

formation of a bond over time, positive reinforcement - for SOME species, interactions with familiar human/s can be socially rewarding

115
Q

what is the goal when designing appropriate enrichments?

A

providing an opportunity to exercise agency

116
Q

definition of euthanasia?

A

the act or practice of killing or permitting the death of hopelessly sick or injured individuals in a relatively painless way for reasons of mercy - IT’S FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE ANIMAL

117
Q

definition of humane killing?

A

a method that ensures an animal is either killed instantly or that involves rendering an animal insensible until death ensures, without pain, suffering or distress

118
Q

what are the three criterions for a humane death?

A
  1. rapid loss of consciousness
  2. minimal negative experiences (eg pain, breathlessness, fear, anxiety) prior to loss of consciousness (LoC)
  3. consciousness must not be recovered before death occurs
119
Q

conditions for Halal slaughter?

A

animal must be alive when neck is cut (reversible stunning methods permitted)

120
Q

conditions for Shechita slaughter?

A

animal must be in good health/physiological state at the time of neck cut (stunning not permitted)

121
Q

are all of the following humane methods?
- single step that causes instantaneous death?
- single step that causes immediate/very rapid LoC followed by death without the recovery of consciousness?
- 2 step where step one causes immediate/very rapid LoC followed by secondary method that causes death without recovery of consciousness

A

yup

animal behaviour and welfare (3 decks)

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