Lecture Midterm Review Flashcards
what is the term for increased numbers of lymphocytes?
lymphocytosis
what is monocytosis
increased monocytes
what is the term for increased numbers of basophils? neutrophils?
basophilia, neutrophilia
when do we use the suffix “-philia” for describing an increase in cell numbers?
when the cell name ends in “phil”
when would we use the suffix “cytosis” when describing increased cell numbers?
when the cell name ends in “cyte”
what is the term for increased platelets?
thrombocytosis
what suffix would we use to describe a decreased number of cells?
“penia”
define neutropenia
decreased neutrophils in circulation
The suffix for decreased cell numbers is “-penia”. What is the exception to this rule? What is the definition of the term?
Anemia: decreased RBC in blood
what is the term for decreased monocytes in blood
monocytopenia
what are two possible terms describing the decreased number of lymphocytes in blood?
lymphopenia or lymphocytopenia
what is the term for decreased platelets in blood?
thrombocytopenia
what is the term for increased RBC? What is the term for decreased RBC?
increase: polycythemia decrease: anemia
the prefix “Hypo” means:
decreased
the prefix “Normo-“ means:
norma
What is the term for increased colour in RBC?
hyperchromic
What is the suffix used for describing protein concentrations ?
-proteinemia (example: hyperproteinemia)
You come across a neutrophil that is significantly larger than a nearby monocyte. How would you describe the cell size?
Macrocytic
If something is present in urine, the suffix we use is:
-uria
Define Ketonuria
ketones in urine
define pyuria
pus in urine
define cylindruria
casts in urine
what is the term for glucose in the urine?
glycosuria or glycosuria
If a urine sample is considered Hyposthenuria, what does this mean?
Decreased concentration (lower Specific Gravity than 1.008
Define Isosthenuria
normal urine concentration (specific gravity of 1.008-1.012)
Describe plasma and how it is produced
fluid component of blood that is produced after centrifuged in an anti-coagulant container
What is the main difference between serum and plasma?
plasma still contains clotting factors
T or F: when performing a PCV, the colour of the plasma should always be ignored
false, should be noted
Which component that may or may not be found in blood can break down 50% per hour when exposed to light or air?
bilirubin
What is the term for a yellow colour?
icteric
What device do we use to read Plasma Protein?
refractometer
You are told to read the specific gravity of a urine sample. You place a drop of the sample on the platform. When you look through, you read the specific gravity at 1.011. You then add some distilled water to rinse the sample off and dry the platform off with a KimWipe. Did you miss any steps?
You did not calibrate the refractometer first- this can cause inaccurate results
T or False; when reading specific gravity, we read it on the scale to the left in the refractometer eyepiece
false, we read the scale to the right for SG
What is a common clinical sign that causes increased serumnor plasma protein?
dehydration
dehydration is the most common cause of:
hyperproteinemia
What sort of distortions might you expect to see in the feathered edge of a blood smear?
Clumps of platelets Increased WBC Increased ruptured WBC Large gaps between cells
what term is used to describe an increased PCV value?
polycythemia
What are the traditional units for PCV? How do we convert to Scientific Units?
Traditional: % out of 100 Scientific: divide by 100 to get ______L/L Example: 50% Traditional Units is 0.50 L/L scientific units
Explain how to set up a microhematocrit tube on a PCV scale
- place microhematocrit tube on scale - first, line up the bottom line with the “0%” line - slide the tube along the line until the meniscus of the plasma layer is aligned with the “100%” line - read the PCV value at the top of the RBC layer
The buffy coat should be approximately ____ in size
1mm
what is the normal value of PCV in canine?
37-55%
what is a normal PCV reading for felines? (traditional units)
27-45%
what two main components make up Eukaryotic cells?
nucleus and cytoplasm
what type of structures do we look for in white blood cells in order to identify them?
nucleus, cytoplasm, vacuoles, size
what species has a Basophils with a nucleus like a “fuzzy caterpillar”?
ruminant
Which species and blood cell has “purple pepper” granules?
Equine basophils
Which is typically the largest wbc? the smallest?
largest: monocyte smallest: neutrophil
which wbc has the most spread out or thin chromatin?
monocyte
You are setting up the microscope to read a urine sample. What steps do you go through to have the best possible view of the sample?
Condenser up Stage up Diaphragm closed (open a bit on 40x)
Which element of urine do we view on 10x power objectives?
casts
Which cast has the lowest refractive index
hyaline
You see a cast that is 2/3rds fat droplets with 4 cells inside. What type of cast is this?
Cellular cast
Describe a waxy cast
- squared ends - frequently cracked - often bent or curved
what are the two types of epithelial cells?
transitional and squamous
describe the difference between calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals and calcium oxalata dihydrate crystals
monohydrate: oval or dumbbell, “picket fence” shape, dihydrate: octahedral or envelope-like, has an x inside the square
You are reading urine and see a small, green coloured, dumbbell shaped structure. What do you think it is?
Calcium carbonate crystals
identify the following
bilirubin
what are these structures?
transitional epithelial cells
identify
Cholesterol crystal
what is this type of crystal? what might cause this?
Starch crystal, this happens from handling sample with gloves on
Which pad on the dipstick do we completely ignore for cats?
leukocyte pad
identify this structure found in urine
fungal spores
