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Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

What would we expect to happen to our cells if the urine was a very pale colour?

A

Cells will lyse rapidly

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2
Q

What plasma colour is normal for Equine?

A

Very yellow

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3
Q

What are some changes that occur overtime in a blood sample/with aged blood?

A

if serum or plasma is touching rbcs the glucose dereases, if exposed to light bilirubin will decrease 50% per hour, cells deteriorate or rupture, vacuolization of cells, platelets become macrocytic

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4
Q

Casts in urine only come from the ______

A

kidney tubules

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5
Q

If protein is present in urine, you should check the sediment for signs of ______ or _______. Why?

A

blood, inflammation. if no hemorrhage or inflammation present, it means there could be tubular lesions

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6
Q

a) how are struvite crystals and calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals similar?
b) what is the best way to tell them apart?

A

a) both can be elongated, rectangular shapes with pointed ends. Both are colourless.
b) the struvite crystal appears 3D with a bevel and the COM is flat

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7
Q

Grey top tubes are primarily used for _________ when sample is sent to an outside lab

A

Glucose testing

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8
Q

Why do we want to avoid excitement in patients before collecting blood?

A

Epinephrine causes immediate changes including neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, and thrombocytosis

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9
Q

Once you centrifuge a sample and get the serum or plasma, it is ok to not label it because it is easy to tell which one it is

A

False. Its impossible to tell, label serum or plasma!

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10
Q

Aged blood makes neutrophil chromatin appear:

A

expanded and hypochromic

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11
Q

The colour of urine is usually affected by the ________

A

concentration

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12
Q

What is a LTT tube?

A

Lavender Top Tube

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13
Q

What is the turnaround time for a sample?

A

Once a sample is collected the blood smear should be made in 15 mins

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14
Q

Compare the optimal viewing area (OVA) to the feathered edge (FE) in the following ways

a) Size of cells
b) Central pallor
c) Shape of cells
d) Colour of cells
e) Distribution of cells

A

a) OVA is the proper size while FE is larger than the cell should be (macrocytic)
b) OVA is visible (if present) and FE is absent
c) OVA is round or actual cell shape and FE is flat on edges in a cobblestone pattern, often ruptured
d) OVA is properly stained while FE is pale
e) OVA is evenly distributed and FE has holes and streaks (swiss cheese)

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15
Q

True or false, the Specific Gravity unit is L/L

A

False. Specific Gravity has no units. L/L is a PCV measurement in scientific units

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16
Q

What is a SST tube?

A

Serum Separator Tube (Gold or Tiger)

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17
Q

Green/brown urine should be processed immediately due to the possible presence of:

A

bilirubin which breaks down 50% each hour

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18
Q

What is a BTT tube:

A

Blue Top Tube

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19
Q

The general rule of thumb when collecting serum or plasma is collect _____ times as much as you need (volume)

A

3x

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20
Q

state the proper term for “small, frequent amounts of urine”

A

pollakiuria

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21
Q

After a tiger/gold top tube is spun, what do the layers look like?

A

Blood cells at the bottom, serum on top with the silicon plug in between which makes it easy to pipette off the serum and put it into a red top tube.

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22
Q

What plasma colour is normal for ruminants?

A

Noticeably yellow

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23
Q

state the proper term for “the presence of visible flakes in urine”

A

flocculence

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24
Q

What are 2 mistakes we can make that cause Hemolysis during processing of serum or plasma?

A

not rimming the clot before spinning a serum sample, spinning for too long or too fast

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25
Q

Our patient has a pH of 9. How long should we wait to read the urine sediment?

A

Do not wait. Alkaline urine results in dissolution of casts and lysis of cells

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26
Q

Tiger or Gold top tubes contain a _______ which is a ______ activator

A

Silicone plug, clot activator

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27
Q

state the proper term for “increased monocyte concentration in circulation”

A

monocytosis

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28
Q

True or false: to dilute specific gravity that is off the scale, it is generally just an eyeball ratio

A

False. Do NOT eyeball. Must be prescise so use graduated pipette or tuberculin syringe

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29
Q

We use tiger or gold top tubes to produce ______. Which must be separated into a fresh red top tube.

A

serum

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30
Q

The normal range of specific gravity is:

A

1.008-1.012

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31
Q

What causes icteric plasma/serum?

A

Can be normal, or due to hemolysis or liver disease

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32
Q

What does EDTA mean?

A

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

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33
Q

state the proper term for “shriveling of RBC”

A

crenation

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34
Q

Can blood collected in Potassium Heparin be used to measure Potassium Levels?

A

Totally. No. It cant. You should know this.

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35
Q

What is an advtanage of using the screw top on a collection tube?

A

cannot stick needle through, preventing hemolysis

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36
Q

Gold top tube (SST) cannot be used for:

A

Phenobarbital, Potassium Bromide, Digoxin

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37
Q

state the term for “increased cell size”

A

macrocytic

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38
Q

What is the common site of blood collection in bovine?

A

Jugular, Tail

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39
Q

What are 3 advantaged of using the Vacutainer system? (Although we do not use it)

A
  1. Consistent drawback pressure rather than humans changing pressure and risking vein collapse
  2. Sample cannot be contaminated as it is going directly from vein to sterile container
  3. Clotting less common because it is not exposed to air between collection and process
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40
Q

Deep yellow plasma is defined as:

A

Icteric

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41
Q

When transferring a fresh blood sample from syringe to blood collection tube, what is the best process to do so? Why? Give details.

A

Remove the needle from the syringe, take tube top off, let the blood run down the side of the tube slowly until it is adequately filled. All of these steps prevent hemolysis

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42
Q

Before selecting a tube for a sample collection, you should reference the_____

A

laboratory manual

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43
Q

The ____ produces most proteins

A

Liver

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44
Q

Tiger/Gold top tubes cannot be used for ________ testing

A

Phenobarbital

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45
Q

Grey top tube contains ___________ plus or minus _________

A

Sodium fluoride, potassium oxalate

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46
Q

When shipping blood smears, always follow these 3 rules:

A
  1. send fixed, unstained smear with the sample 2. protect with small styrofoam container 3. keep one smear to compare findings
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47
Q

Why do we fast patients before some blood samples?

A

Lipemia alters results (fat in blood, usually after a meal)

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48
Q

From 1-6 list the recommended order of collection (if you would need to do all of these tests)

A
  1. Blood culture
  2. Coagulation (light blue)
  3. Serum tube (red, gold)
  4. Heparin (green)
  5. EDTA (lavender)
  6. Sodium fluoride (grey)
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49
Q

What is a RTT tube?

A

Red Top Tube

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50
Q

Dipsticks should be read with fresh, ______ temperature, well-mixed urine

A

room

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51
Q

A dog has a WBC count of 23.2 x 10(9)/L. On a cell count, you find neutrophils at 61%. What is the absolute number of Neutrophils?

A

14.2 x 10(9)/L

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52
Q

If the tube is not filled, spun and separated, anticoagulant causes:

A

severe hemolysis

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53
Q

What is the main cause of hypoproteinemia?

A

Liver disease not creating enough Albumin (main protein in plasma/serum)

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54
Q

The _______ top tube contains EDTA liquid or powder which is an _________

A

Lavender, anticoagulant

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55
Q

What is a Fibrin Clot? How does it happen? How can we avoid it?

A

Gelatinous mass, Centrifuging too soon or too fast, let clot at room temperature for 20 mins before spinning (10 mins in gold top)

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56
Q

What size needle is commonly used to collect blood from canines?

A

20-22

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57
Q

Gross urine exam includes what 3 elements

A

Colour, Clarity, Odour

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58
Q

Define hypochromic (be specific)

A

decreased colour, specifically decreased hemoglobin concentration in RBC

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59
Q

Which of the following produces antibodies?

a) Basophil
b) Monocyte
c) Lymphocyte

A

c) lymphocyte

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60
Q

state the proper term for “increased neutrophil concentration in circulation”

A

neutrophilia

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61
Q

What is the predominant protein we measure in the blood?

A

Albumin

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62
Q

pH of urine is primarily effected by what 2 factors?

A

diet & presence of bacteria

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63
Q

What does Lactescence mean in relation to plasma/serum?

A

Opaque, milk-like appearance that contains an even higher level of triglycerides

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64
Q

Heparin tubes (green) cannot be used for:

A

Bile acid measurement

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65
Q

Green top tube is most often used to produce ______ but can be used for ______ testing

A

plasma, blood gas testing

66
Q

Heparin is a(n)_________ which means when filled it must be ________

A

Anticoagulant, inverted

67
Q

State the proper term for “decreased lymphocytes in circulation”

A

lymphopenia or lymphocytopenia

68
Q

What are 2 things that might alter specific gravity results?

A

glucose, protein

69
Q

Which of the following acts as an Antihistamine?

a) Neutrophil
b) Basophil
c) Eosinophil

A

c) Eosinophil

70
Q

To avoid damage to whole blood while shipping the sample, you should:

A

Wrap ice packs

71
Q

If the plasma/serum is white in colour or looks milky, what could be causing this?

A

Lipemia, often from recent meal. If the animal was fasted then it is likelyneither liver disease or hypothyroidism

72
Q

Which term of clarity means “can read text through the sample, but it is hazy”

A

Mild cloudiness

73
Q

If urine has a “fruity” odour, you would expect the dipstick to be positive for ______

A

ketones

74
Q

List one other cause (besides dehydration) of hyperproteinemia

A

Antibody production due to infection or tumor

75
Q

What is a GTT tube?

A

Green Top Tube

76
Q

The protein content of ______ is higher than _____ (components of the blood)

A

plasma, serum

77
Q

state the proper term for “clear holes in the cytoplasm of a monocyte”

A

vacuoles

78
Q

The instrument used to measure serum protein is called a:

A

refractometer

79
Q

a) how are hyaline and waxy casts similar?

b) what is the best way to tell them apart?

A

a) both are colourless, tubular structures formed in renal tubules
b) the hyaline cast has a refractive index (and is hard to see unstained) while the waxy cast has a high refractive index

80
Q

Describe the main differences between the appearance of monocytes and lymphocytes in the following ways:

a) Size
b) Chromatin
c) Cytoplasm appearance
d) Amount of cytoplasm
e) Nuclear shape

A

a) L vary in size M are usually very big
b) L very thick and smudged, M fine and reticular
c) L Variable from pale basophilic to deeply basophilic, smooth or granular, M consistently blue-grey with fine grainy look like ground glas
d) L varies from thin rim to as much as a monocyte M has about 50/50 nucleus to cytoplasm
e) L usually round or indented, M very pleomorphic

81
Q

Which term of clarity means “can see the text through the sample, but cant read it”

A

Moderately cloudy

82
Q

How are crystals typically reported during urinalysis?

A

+, ++. +++ per high power field

83
Q

Clotting of whole blood can happen in what 3 ways (errors)

A
  1. prolonged collection time 2. inadequate mixing with anticoagulant 3. traumatic venipuncture
84
Q

_____ (food) causes acidic urine while _____ products cause alkaline urine

A

Meat, wheat

85
Q

what is the main cause of Hemolysis during storage?

A

freezing of whole blood

86
Q

If plasma/serum is pale or colourless, what could be causing this?

A

Bone marrow depression, acute hemorrhage

87
Q

List three artifacts that commonly seen in urine

A

Air bubbles, pollen, hair, fibers, glove powder crystals

88
Q

True or false, to collect serum for a red top tube, you spin it so the serum is on top and then it is ready to be shipped to the lab

A

False. The serum must be removed off the top of the clot and placed into a new red top

89
Q

Serum is producd by blood that has been ________ and plasma is produced by blood with a(n)_______

A

Clotted, anticoagulant

90
Q

What is the common site of blood collection for feline/canine?

A

Jugular, cephalic

91
Q

If you can see print through a urine sample but you cannot read the text the proper term for clarity is:

A

moderately cloudy

92
Q

If your diluted SG read 1.042. What is your actual SG?

A

1.084

93
Q

A pH higher than 7 means the urine is ______

A

alkaline

94
Q

True or false: Once the light blue top tube is filled, it must be spun and the serum must be collected quickly

A

False. The plasma bust me collected!

95
Q

What is a target cell? What causes this? How does the age of the sample relate to this?

A

An RBC with the appearance of a dart board with a bullseye in the middle, caused by hypothyroidism or liver diease. An aged sample will be pale and the target cells will not be visible therefore missing diagnosis

96
Q

How do you adjust the smearing technique if the first smear you prepare is too thick?

A

Lower the spreader slide or smear slower

97
Q

Which term of clarity means “cannot see the text but light travels through the sample”

A

Marked cloudiness

98
Q

What are 3 mistakes we can make that cause Hemolysis during sample collection

A

too much alcohol, small needle, animal is wet

99
Q

You have to take blood from a small cat. You only have 15 ml tubes available. Is this okay?

A

No! No no no!! Match the size of the tube to the size of the patient

100
Q

state the proper term for “pH lower than 7”

A

acidic

101
Q

Report a PCV of 17% in SI units

A

0.17 L/L

102
Q

What are 5 main causes of Hemolysis

A
  1. damage during collection
  2. damage during transfer to tube
  3. damage during processing of serum/plasma
  4. damage during storage
  5. lipemia
103
Q

A specific gravity lower than 1.008 is termed _______

A

Hyposthenuria

104
Q

Which of the following sometimes contains rod-shaped granules?

a) Lymphocyte
b) Monocyte
c) Eosinophil

A

c) Eosinophil

105
Q

List 3 sample collection objectives

A

Adequate sample volume, lack of interfering substances, no tissue fluids, no damage done, no alteration in values

106
Q

List 3 diseases that cause Lipemia:

A

hypothyroidism, diabetes, cushing’s, pancreatitis, primary lipid disorder (common in schnauzer)

107
Q

What plasma colour is normal for cats and dogs?

A

Straw-yellow and clear

108
Q

What are 3 mistakes we can make that cause Hemolysis during transfer to tube

A

ejecting blood too quickly, forceful ejection of blood, shaking vigourously during inversion

109
Q

There is one special tube that is designed to have the needle stuck into the top and blood pushed in. Why does this prevent hemolysis?

A

It has a very weak vacuum that gently pulls blood through

110
Q

What is the common needle size used for blood collection in equine/bovine?

A

16-19

111
Q

You are presented with a blood smear but you are not told the species of the patient. By examining the smear, how can you tell if it is a dog, cat or horse?

A

The best way is to look at eosinophilc. Lymphs, neuts and monos look similar between spp and basos are often not present.
Equine: granules very large , round and bright red/pink like a raspberry
Feline: granules are moderate in size, pink and rod shaped. Often very tightly packed
Canine: granules are large, pink and vary in size

112
Q

If an item is only seen once every few fields in urine, its quantity should be reported as:

A

occasional

113
Q

We need to collect 1 ml of blood from a cat. We only have Microtainer tubes. How many do we need to fill to get 1ml?

A

Each Microtainer contains 500 microliters which is half a ml. We would need to fill 2 microtainers.

114
Q

Do not use Green top tube for routine mammalian hematology because Heparin interferes with:

A

cell staining

115
Q

Light Blue top tube contains ______ and is used for _____ tests or ______ counts

A

Sodium citrate, coagulation, platelet

116
Q

When 10ml of urine has been processed, what number of RBC is considered “normal”?

A

0-3/hpf (some say 0-5 in females)

117
Q

True or false. An EDTA tube can be filled halfway with no problem

A

False. Tubes with additives must be filled completely or it will be diluted and therefore inaccurate

118
Q

______ top tubes contain Heparin of various types

A

Green

119
Q

Red or red-brown urine means:

A

Hematuria

stems into Hemoglobinuria or Myoglobinuria

120
Q

Is this adequate processing? You have to send out a fecal in an SAF container as well as a blood sample and smear. You only have one Idexx bag left, and since they are from the same patient you put them in the bag together and send them to Idexx.

A

FALSE. Formalin fumes render blood un-stainable. Must be in separate bags sealed tightly

121
Q

If the SG is “off the scale” how do we calculate the specific gravity?

A
  1. dilute the sample 1:1 with distilled water
  2. read the diluted SG
  3. multiple the LAST TWO digits to get the actual SG
122
Q

If an animal has severe hemolysis due to disease or improper technique, what colour would we expect the plasma/serum to be?

A

pink-red

123
Q

How are casts typically reported during urinalysis?

A

per low power field (/lpf)

124
Q

A specific gravity higher than 1.012 is termed ________

A

hypersthenuria

125
Q

If you raise the spreader slide, when preparing a blood smear, the smear will become:

A

shorter and thicker

126
Q

Microtainer tubes exist and are good for cats and kittens. They have a minimum fill line of 250____ and maximum fill line of 500 _______ (units)

A

microliters (ul)

127
Q

Platelet clumps are most likely to be found in what area of a smear:

A

feathered edge

128
Q

state the proper term for pus in urine

A

pyuria

129
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperproteinemia?

A

dehydration

130
Q

state the proper term for “the top layer of a centrifuged microhematocrit tube”

A

plasma

131
Q

State the proper term for “red staining”

A

eosinophilic

132
Q

What three types of Heparin are common in Green top tubes?

A

Ammonia, sodium and potassium

133
Q

what are the 4 main methods of urine collection?

A

Voided, catheterization, cystocentesis, manual expression

134
Q

Red or Peach top tube is used for _______ and has no additive

A

Serum

135
Q

If a blood smear is stained well, the RBC should be _____ and ______should be dark purple

A

pink, neutrophil nuclei

136
Q

state the proper term for “increased platelet concentration”

A

thrombocytosis

137
Q

Although plasma can be used for alkaline phosphatase testing, _____ cannot be used as an anticoagulant

A

EDTA

138
Q

Which of the following “Ingests bacteria”

a) RBC
b) WBC
c) Neutrophil

A

c) Neutrophil

139
Q

define crenation

A

shriveling of erythrocytes

140
Q

EDTA tubes cannot be used for ________ testing (2)

A

Calcium or Alkaline Phosphatase

141
Q

Lavender top tube is often used for:

A

routine hematology, CBC

142
Q

We ignore the _____ pad on the dipstick in cats because it is not accurate

A

leukocyte

143
Q

What is the common site of blood collection in equine?

A

Jugular

144
Q

What is a disadvantage to using the light blue top tube?

A

Clean venipuncture is essential on first try

145
Q

The white center in the middle of an RBC is called the:

A

zone of central pallor

146
Q

What size needle is commonly used to collect blood from feline?

A

22-25

147
Q

Fasting a patient before blood collection makes it easy for us to differentiate between Lipema from _____ or Lipemia from ______

A

food or disease

148
Q

What is a GTT tube?

A

Grey Top Tube

149
Q

define basophilic

A

blue staining

150
Q

Which of the following can damage dipsticks?

a) touching them
b) leaving the lid off
c) exposing to moisture
d) exposing to temperature extremes
e) all of the above
f) none of the above

A

e) all of the above

151
Q

The Grey top tube is finicky and hard to use 100% properly, therefore you should use a _______ top tube instead

A

red

152
Q

Label blood collection tubes with what 4 things?

A

Patient name, plasma or serum, date and time

153
Q

True or false. When waiting for the dipstick to be readable, it is okay to hold it vertically

A

False. It must be kept horizontal.

154
Q

When plasma/serum is icteric, what are we actually looking at?

A

Bilirubin present in plasma

155
Q

List one advantage and one disadvantage of staining urine samples

A

Advantages: easier to see
Disadvantages: false bacteria, increased bacteria, uneven staining

156
Q

What colour of urine is “normal”?

A

light yellow to amber

157
Q

Why do we have a recommended order of blood sample collection?

A

To prevent contamination of sample by substances that may interfere with results

158
Q

When fasting a healthy patient before blood collection, how long is the fast?

A

12 hours

159
Q

DO NOT ship samples in:

A

syringes with needles

160
Q

Before use, a refractometer must be calibrated or zeroed with _________. Once calibrated, the value will read ______ on the specific gravity scale

A

Distilled water, 1.000

161
Q

To tell the contents of a blood collection tube, what element of the tube must you look at?

A

the tube top colour

CLP (2 decks)

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