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BIO 208: Test 1 > lecture material > Flashcards

lecture material Flashcards

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0
Q

microscopic

A

all kinds of shapes

  • budding yeasts
  • coccus
  • rods
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1
Q

macroscopic

A 
mushrooms
molds
fungi
algal blooms
biofilms
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2
Q

Francesco Redi (spontaneous generation)

A

1668
maggots do not arise from rotting meat
no support for spontaneous generation

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3
Q

John Needham (spontaneous generation)

A

1745
boiled broth, poured it into a flask and covered it; soon it was teeming with growth
supports spontaneous generation

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4
Q

Spallanzani (spontaneous generation)

A

1765
4 treatments with broth
no support for spontaneous generation

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5
Q

Louis Pasteur (golden age)

A

1861
Swan-necked flask
spontaneous generation does not occur

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6
Q

Basi (germ theory)

A

1835

silkworm disease caused by a fungus

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7
Q

Berkeley (germ theory)

A

1845
potato blight caused by a fungus
irish potato famine

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8
Q

Semmelweis (germ theory)

A

1840s
child-bed fever was contagious
maternal death rate - 13-18% (1 in 5)
instituted washing hands between patients (rate decreased to 2%)

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9
Q

Robert Koch (germ theory)

A

one specific microbial agent causes one specific disease

Koch’s postulates

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10
Q

Schwann (microbial effects on matter)

A

1837

sugar —> alcohol (by yeilding yeast)

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11
Q

Pasteur (microbial effects on matter)

A

1857-1860
beer
all fermentations are due to the activities of specific yeasts and bacteria

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12
Q

Winogradsky (microbial effects on matter)

A

1892
microbes are involved in the cycling of nutrients in soil/aquatic environments
columns

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13
Q

what is a species

A

organisms that do interbreeding naturally

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14
Q

microbial species

A

lack obvious morphological differences

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15
Q

traditional approaches for microbial species

A

staining
metabolic differences
biochemical tests

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16
Q

genetic approaches for microbial species

A

based on DNA similarity

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17
Q

light microscopy

A

uses visible light
magnification up to 1,000x
resolving power = .2 um

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18
Q

bright field

A

light goes directly through specimen
dark specimen, bright background
used to view killed/stained microbes

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19
Q

dark field

A

light does not go through specimen, but is refracted off
light specimen, dark background
used to view living, unstained microbes

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20
Q

phase contrast

A

light is moved out of phase
slowing light down
enhances small differences
used to view internal structures in living microbes, especially eukaryotes

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21
Q

fluorescence microscopy

A
  • UV light is used, shorter wavelength (100-400 nm)
  • invisible light
  • bright, fluorescent specimen, dark background
  • natural
  • used to view a specimen against a complex background
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22
Q

electron microcopy

A
  • uses electrons, even shorter wavelength (0.005)

- need to kill and/or stain the cells that you are viewing

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23
Q

transmission electron microscopy

A
  • transmitting electrons through a specimen
  • slice the cells really thin
  • view internal structures
  • RP = 0.2 nm
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24
Q

scanning electron microscopy

A
  • scan the surface with electrons
  • surface view of electrons
  • RP = 20 nm
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25
Q

prokaryotic cell: composition

A

H2O - 70%
macromolecules - 26%
small molecules - 4%

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26
Q

prokaryotic cell: cell sizes “average”

A

E. coli

1 um x 2-6 um

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27
Q

prokaryotic cell: cell sizes “smallest”

A

0.2 um

mycoplasms

28
Q

largest bacterium known

A

can see it with the naked eye
about the size of a fruit fly
Thiomargarita namibiensis

29
Q

prokaryotic cells: internal structures - cytoplasm

A

80% water

20% dissolved stuff

30
Q

prokaryotic cell: internal structures - ribosomes

A

protein+RNA
site of protein synthesis
not organelles (not membrane bound)

31
Q

prokaryotic cell: internal structures - nucleoid

A
  • nuclear region
  • mostly DNA
  • circular chromosome
32
Q

prokaryotic cell (some): internal structures - plasmids

A
  • extrachromosomal DNA (DNA outside the chromosome)
  • circular
  • contain extra genes
    • antibiotic resistance, toxin production
33
Q

prokaryotic cell (some): internal structures - endospores

A
  • resting structures

- function: allows microbe to survive long term under adverse conditions

34
Q

step one of endospores

A

sporulation (form spore) in response to some unfavorable environmental cue

35
Q

step two of endospores

A

germination (spore -> vegetative cell) in response to some favorable environmental cue

36
Q

plasma membrane: composition

A
  1. phospholipids
  2. proteins
  3. bacteria have a bilayer (some archaea have a monolayer)
37
Q

plasma membrane: simple diffusion

A
  • small molecules move from high concentration to a low concentraiton
  • not very efficient
  • not often used
  • NO ATP
  • ex. CO2, O2
38
Q

plasma membrane: osmosis

A
  • solvents move from high concentration to low concentration (solvent is typically H2O)
  • high concentration of H2O to low concentration of H2O
  • NO ATP
39
Q

plasma membrane: facilitated diffusion

A
  • uses transporter proteins to move molecules across the membrane
  • ex. amino acids
  • important in eukaryotic cells, not prokaryotic
  • NO ATP
40
Q

plasma membrane: active transport

A
  • transport molecule against a concentration gradient
  • uses carrier proteins
  • organism can concentrate substances
  • requires ATP
41
Q

plasma membrane: group translocation

A
  • substance is chemically altered during movement
  • one way that glucose is brought into cell
  • requires ATP
42
Q

cell wall

A

most prokaryotic cells have, with a few exceptions (mycoplasma)

43
Q

cell wall: functions

A
  1. shape
  2. pathogenicity
  3. protect from change in H2O pressure (keeps it from bursting)
44
Q

Gram positive cells

A
  • thick layers of peptidoglycan
  • single plasma membrane
  • techoic acid
45
Q

techoic acids

A

toxic portions of gram positive cells

46
Q

gram negative cells

A
  • thin layer of peptidoglycan
  • lipopolysaccharide
  • two plasma membranes (inner and outer)
47
Q

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

A

toxic portion of gram (-) cells

48
Q

archaea (in relation to gram (-)/(+) cells)

A

no peptidoglycan

pseudomurein

49
Q

pseudomurein

A

similar to peptidoglycan

50
Q

only ______ can make peptidoglycan

A

bacteria

51
Q

budding yeasts - shape

A

spheres

52
Q

antoni van Leeuwenhoek

A

1673

first to see microbes

53
Q

Lister (germ theory)

A

1867
phenol (listerine)
aseptic surgery

54
Q

3 domain system

A
  • bacteria, archaea, and euckarya

- how tree of life is produced

55
Q

resolution

A

the ability to see two things that are close together as discrete objects

56
Q

shorter wavelength = _____ resolution

A

better

57
Q

refraction

A

bending of light as it passes from one medium to another of different density

58
Q

macromolecules

A

proteins
carbohydrates
ribosomes

59
Q

prokaryotic cell: cell shapes - coccus

A

spheres

60
Q

diplococci

A

pairs of spheres

61
Q

streptococci

A

chains of spheres

62
Q

staphylococci

A

clusters of spheres

63
Q

bacillus

A

rods

64
Q

streptobacilli

A

chains of rods

65
Q

diplobacilli

A

pairs of rods

66
Q

vibrio (spirals)

A

curved

67
Q

spirochete

A

spiral

68
Q

plasma membrane: function

A
  • retains the cytoplasm
  • site of crucial metabolic processes
  • contains receptor molecules

BIO 208: Test 1 (3 decks)

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