Lecture Jan. 22nd (2/6)

Question 1

beginning of international relations

Answer 1

Some scholars date IR to the beginning of civilization in the Middle East, when human beings began to settle in permanent settlements

Question 2

Two Precursors of Contemporary International Society

Answer 2

Ancient Greece & Renaissance Italy

Question 3

Ancient Greece (Hellas)

Answer 3

Geographical area with similar cultural traditions but no central state; contained independent city-states

Question 4

Oracle of Delphi

Answer 4

wise person referred to for resolving disputes between city-states; form of international law; believed to have contact with God

Question 5

Hellas city-states

Answer 5

• operated according to Realist notions of power and survival
• Athens and Sparta were most powerful city-states
• Greeks believed conflict arose as natural condition (precursor of Hobbes)
• Strong use their power, weak subside

Question 6

Imperial Macedonia

Answer 6

center of power a thousand years after Hellenic society fell

Question 7

Roman Empire

Answer 7

took over Macedonia; still one center of power

Question 8

post-Roman Empire

Answer 8

theocracy (Catholic church) and feudal rule (tribes) took over; marginalized authority of state (king)

Question 9

Protestant reformation

Answer 9

• Martin Luther challenged dominance of Catholic church; argued for separation of church and state, for state to establish political legitimacy
• Monarchs consolidated power and laid groundwork for modern state

Question 10

Renaissance Italy

Answer 10

• Small states in Northern Italy between 14th-16th centuries brought forth idea of Renaissance
• Each city began to construct bureaucracies for people in them; maximise individual well-being
• States began to form state apparatus

Question 11

Machiavelli

Answer 11

introduced notion that states operate according to different moral codes; Realist; liberal principles of human relations to one another; state should enforce laws; state can rule people; people cannot rule one another

Question 12

developing Western Europe

Answer 12

Western Europe conquered developing states and adopted Italian model of rejecting religious interference

Question 13

early European international society

Answer 13

• Leaders designed plans to expand territory because more territory=more resources
• Rivalries began to develop between states
• War was international institution for resolving conflicts

Question 14

Catholic Hapsburgs

Answer 14

• 1618 they began a war to conquer Protestant territories/ reestablish dominance of the Church (30 Years War)
• Controlled much territory
• Signed treaties in Westphalia (Germany) saying each state got to choose its own religion and other must recognize that
• Defeated by coalition of states

Question 15

Peace of Westphalia

Answer 15

origin of principle of sovereignty and the nation-state; first recognized the rights of states; modern nation-state idea was born