Lecture III

Question 1

Greek democracy

Answer 1

-No separation between rulers and ruled
SELF-GOVERNED
-Rotation of officials

Question 2

Why did the Greek democracy failed?

Answer 2

• Ineffective participation of citizens
• Too expensive to maintain
• Policy inconsistency (policies changed frequently) and ineffective government (high turnover rate -> no institutional memory)

Question 3

How many mandates are efficient?

Answer 3

1-3 good period for MPs to have a sense of fairness, justice, etc

Question 4

Modern democracy generally is…?

Answer 4

Representative

Question 5

Democracy ideal French Revolution changed

Answer 5

From directness to representative

Question 6

Difference between sortition and election

Answer 6

• Sortition: participation, equivalence

- Election: consent, distinction

Question 7

Who practically invented elections? (Middle Ages)

Answer 7

Catholic Church

Question 8

Situations of sortition

Answer 8

• Rare for political representatives
• Jury
• Citizen Assemblies

Question 9

What is provided by state formation?

Answer 9

• Bureaucracy (state capacity)
• Territory (sovereignty)
• Public sphere where political debate and decisions can happen (language, identity, etc)

Question 10

What is provided by parliamentarization?

Answer 10

• Limitation of powers (checks and balances, separation of powers)
• Political responsibility -> power only when supported, opposed to Pope that can be elected but not dethroned
• Modern understanding of government as institution
  ORIGIN IN REINAISSANCE

Question 11

Governmentalization (Foucault)

Answer 11

Creation of:

• Additional institutions to know whats happening in a state (statistical inst.)
• Class of administrators and functionaries

Question 12

Lord Robert Walpole (parliamentarization)

Answer 12

Most institutional change are the consequence of endogenous forces

Question 13

Parliamentarization around the world

Answer 13

• Growth 1925 - 1950

- Dip after WWII bc of decolonization -> countries took time to organize themselves

Question 14

Milestones of democratization

Answer 14

• Incorporation
• Representation
• Organized opposition

Question 15

Incorporation

Answer 15

Mass of citizens admitted as political actors

Question 16

Representation

Answer 16

Parties can be organized -> division of work within them + effectiveness

Question 17

Organized opposition

Answer 17

Citizens can call for votes against government (the latter has to be responsible)

Question 18

Processes of democratization

Answer 18

• Slow (former monarchies)
• Skyrocketed (fall of Wall of Berlin)
• Following a revolution (3rd wave)

Question 19

First wave of democratization

Answer 19

1826 - 1926: Building of Western democracies

Question 20

Second wave of democratization

Answer 20

1945 - 1950: After WWII and decolonization

Question 21

Third wave of democratization

Answer 21

1974 - Now: Portuguese (Salazar), Spanish (Franco) and Greek revolutions, fall USSR, democratization in decolonized world

Question 22

Lincoln’s democracy contradiction

Answer 22

Mikos notes

Question 23

Procedural democracy

Answer 23

• How regime is organized and processes in which representation, accountability and legitimacy are ensured
• Existence of accountability and post-hoc control mechanisms (judicial review, etc)

Question 24

Substantive democracy

Answer 24

• Effectiveness of regime -> promote equality, fairness and inclusion
• Participative concept of democracy
• Discussion and debate enlighten decision and benefit to all (not very inclusive, not everyone can speak up; vote least demanding form of democracy)

Question 25

3 principles of democracy

Answer 25

• Accountability
• Responsiveness
• Majority rule

Question 26

Accountability

Answer 26

BLAMEWORTHINESS decision-makers should be held accountable for their desicions

Question 27

Responsiveness

Answer 27

Preferences of ppl transferred into decision making process

Question 28

Majority rule

Answer 28

Decision should reflect position of majority