Lecture III Flashcards
Greek democracy
-No separation between rulers and ruled
SELF-GOVERNED
-Rotation of officials
Why did the Greek democracy failed?
- Ineffective participation of citizens
- Too expensive to maintain
- Policy inconsistency (policies changed frequently) and ineffective government (high turnover rate -> no institutional memory)
How many mandates are efficient?
1-3 good period for MPs to have a sense of fairness, justice, etc
Modern democracy generally is…?
Representative
Democracy ideal French Revolution changed
From directness to representative
Difference between sortition and election
- Sortition: participation, equivalence
- Election: consent, distinction
Who practically invented elections? (Middle Ages)
Catholic Church
Situations of sortition
- Rare for political representatives
- Jury
- Citizen Assemblies
What is provided by state formation?
- Bureaucracy (state capacity)
- Territory (sovereignty)
- Public sphere where political debate and decisions can happen (language, identity, etc)
What is provided by parliamentarization?
- Limitation of powers (checks and balances, separation of powers)
- Political responsibility -> power only when supported, opposed to Pope that can be elected but not dethroned
- Modern understanding of government as institution
ORIGIN IN REINAISSANCE
Governmentalization (Foucault)
Creation of:
- Additional institutions to know whats happening in a state (statistical inst.)
- Class of administrators and functionaries
Lord Robert Walpole (parliamentarization)
Most institutional change are the consequence of endogenous forces
Parliamentarization around the world
- Growth 1925 - 1950
- Dip after WWII bc of decolonization -> countries took time to organize themselves
Milestones of democratization
- Incorporation
- Representation
- Organized opposition
Incorporation
Mass of citizens admitted as political actors
Representation
Parties can be organized -> division of work within them + effectiveness
Organized opposition
Citizens can call for votes against government (the latter has to be responsible)
Processes of democratization
- Slow (former monarchies)
- Skyrocketed (fall of Wall of Berlin)
- Following a revolution (3rd wave)
First wave of democratization
1826 - 1926: Building of Western democracies
Second wave of democratization
1945 - 1950: After WWII and decolonization
Third wave of democratization
1974 - Now: Portuguese (Salazar), Spanish (Franco) and Greek revolutions, fall USSR, democratization in decolonized world
Lincoln’s democracy contradiction
Mikos notes
Procedural democracy
- How regime is organized and processes in which representation, accountability and legitimacy are ensured
- Existence of accountability and post-hoc control mechanisms (judicial review, etc)
Substantive democracy
- Effectiveness of regime -> promote equality, fairness and inclusion
- Participative concept of democracy
- Discussion and debate enlighten decision and benefit to all (not very inclusive, not everyone can speak up; vote least demanding form of democracy)
3 principles of democracy
- Accountability
- Responsiveness
- Majority rule
Accountability
BLAMEWORTHINESS decision-makers should be held accountable for their desicions
Responsiveness
Preferences of ppl transferred into decision making process
Majority rule
Decision should reflect position of majority
