Lecture five Flashcards
How can you measure and evaluate inequality?
Unemployment levels
Segregation levels (vertical and horizontal)
Gender pay gaps
What human capital factors impact labour market inequality?
Formal qualifications
Acquired skills
Work experience
Training (formal and informal)
What Socially constructed factors impact labour market inequality?
Social and cultural norms
Prejudice and attitudes
Self perceptions
Prevailing political ideology
What industrial/institutional factors impact labour market inequality?
Rules and legislation
Restricted entry to professional association memberships
Informal “customs” that facilitate progression
Lack of protective legislation
What is vertical segregation?
Different groups are represented at different levels of organisational and occupational hierarchy
What is horizontal segregation?
Different groups in different industry sectors and occupations
What is unlawful discrimination?
Discrimination that is not based on justifiable, merit-based needs of an organisation
What are Pincus’ forms of discrimination?
Individual
Institutional
Structural
What is Individual Discrimination?
The behaviour of individual members of 1 race/ethnic/gender group that is intended to have a differential and/or harmful effect to the members of another race/ethnic/gender group
What is Institutional Discrimination?
The policies of the dominant institutions and the behaviour of individuals who control these institutions and implement policies that are intended to have a differential and/or harmful effect on a minority group
What is Structural Discrimination?
The policies of the dominant institutions and the behaviour of the individuals who implement these policies and control these institutions, which are neutral in intent but which have a differential and/or harmful effect on a minority
What are the protected characteristics in the Equality Act 2010?
Age Disability Gender reassignment Marriage/civil partnership Pregnancy and maternity Race Religion/ beliefs Sex Sexual orientation
What are the main types of discrimination covered by the Equality Act 2010?
Direct discrimination Indirect discrimination Discrimination by association Discrimination by perception Harassment Third party harassment Victimisation
What is Direct discrimination?
When someone is treated less favourably than another person because of a protected characteristic
What is Indirect discrimination?
Can occur when an employer enforces a provision, criterion, or practice that applies to everyone but disproportionately disadvantages people or a person with a particular protected characteristic
What is discrimination by association?
Direct discrimination against someone because they associate with another person who possesses a protected characteristic.
What is discrimination by perception?
Direct discrimination against someone because others think they possess a protected characteristic
What is Harassment?
Unwanted conduct related to a relevant protected characteristic, which has the purpose or effect of violating an individual’s dignity or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for that individual
What is Third party harassment?
Employers are potentially liable for repeated harassment of their staff by non-employees (e.g. customers) where they have known about it and failed to take action
What is Victimisation?
When someone is treated less favourably because they have made or supported a complaint or grievance under the Equality Act 2010
What is an equal opportunities approach?
A liberal approach with emphasis on creating a level playing field by emphasising “sameness” between diverse social groups
What is a managing diversity approach?
Focus on “creating a working culture that seeks, respects, values and harasses difference” - differences between people should be valued and can be sources of productive potential
