Lecture five

Question 1

How can you measure and evaluate inequality?

Answer 1

Unemployment levels
Segregation levels (vertical and horizontal)
Gender pay gaps

Question 2

What human capital factors impact labour market inequality?

Answer 2

Formal qualifications
Acquired skills
Work experience
Training (formal and informal)

Question 3

What Socially constructed factors impact labour market inequality?

Answer 3

Social and cultural norms
Prejudice and attitudes
Self perceptions
Prevailing political ideology

Question 4

What industrial/institutional factors impact labour market inequality?

Answer 4

Rules and legislation
Restricted entry to professional association memberships
Informal “customs” that facilitate progression
Lack of protective legislation

Question 5

What is vertical segregation?

Answer 5

Different groups are represented at different levels of organisational and occupational hierarchy

Question 6

What is horizontal segregation?

Answer 6

Different groups in different industry sectors and occupations

Question 7

What is unlawful discrimination?

Answer 7

Discrimination that is not based on justifiable, merit-based needs of an organisation

Question 8

What are Pincus’ forms of discrimination?

Answer 8

Individual
Institutional
Structural

Question 9

What is Individual Discrimination?

Answer 9

The behaviour of individual members of 1 race/ethnic/gender group that is intended to have a differential and/or harmful effect to the members of another race/ethnic/gender group

Question 10

What is Institutional Discrimination?

Answer 10

The policies of the dominant institutions and the behaviour of individuals who control these institutions and implement policies that are intended to have a differential and/or harmful effect on a minority group

Question 11

What is Structural Discrimination?

Answer 11

The policies of the dominant institutions and the behaviour of the individuals who implement these policies and control these institutions, which are neutral in intent but which have a differential and/or harmful effect on a minority

Question 12

What are the protected characteristics in the Equality Act 2010?

Answer 12

Age
Disability 
Gender reassignment 
Marriage/civil partnership 
Pregnancy and maternity 
Race
Religion/ beliefs 
Sex 
Sexual orientation

Question 13

What are the main types of discrimination covered by the Equality Act 2010?

Answer 13

Direct discrimination 
Indirect discrimination 
Discrimination by association 
Discrimination by perception 
Harassment
Third party harassment 
Victimisation

Question 14

What is Direct discrimination?

Answer 14

When someone is treated less favourably than another person because of a protected characteristic

Question 15

What is Indirect discrimination?

Answer 15

Can occur when an employer enforces a provision, criterion, or practice that applies to everyone but disproportionately disadvantages people or a person with a particular protected characteristic

Question 16

What is discrimination by association?

Answer 16

Direct discrimination against someone because they associate with another person who possesses a protected characteristic.

Question 17

What is discrimination by perception?

Answer 17

Direct discrimination against someone because others think they possess a protected characteristic

Question 18

What is Harassment?

Answer 18

Unwanted conduct related to a relevant protected characteristic, which has the purpose or effect of violating an individual’s dignity or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for that individual

Question 19

What is Third party harassment?

Answer 19

Employers are potentially liable for repeated harassment of their staff by non-employees (e.g. customers) where they have known about it and failed to take action

Question 20

What is Victimisation?

Answer 20

When someone is treated less favourably because they have made or supported a complaint or grievance under the Equality Act 2010

Question 21

What is an equal opportunities approach?

Answer 21

A liberal approach with emphasis on creating a level playing field by emphasising “sameness” between diverse social groups

Question 22

What is a managing diversity approach?

Answer 22

Focus on “creating a working culture that seeks, respects, values and harasses difference” - differences between people should be valued and can be sources of productive potential