LECTURE FINALS Flashcards
Carrots
Food storage
Beets
FOOD STORAGE
TURNIPS
FOOD STORAGE
SWEET POTATOES
FOOD STORAGE
YAMS
FOOD STORAGE
HEMLOCKS
FOOD STORAGE
RADISH
FOOD STORAGE
PUMPKIN
WATER STORAGE
MANROOTS
WATER STORAGE
CALABAZILLA
WATER STORAGE
WATERMELON
WATER STORAGE
Cherries
PROPAGATIVE
Apple
Propagative
Pear
Propagative
Rice paper
Propagative
Tree of heaven
Propagative
Weeds
Propagative
Canada thistle
Propagative
Horseradish
Peopagative
Mangrove trees
Pneumatophores
Bald cypress
Pneumatophores
Orchids
Aerial
Ivies
Aerial
Corn
Aerial
Lily
Contractile
Hyacinth
Contractile
Fig tree
Buttress
Tropicak trees
Buttress
Mistletoe
Parasitic
Orchids
Parasitic
Peanuts
Symbiotic
Pea
Symbiotic
Beans
Symbiotic
Legumes
SYMBIOTIC
Layer formed by hypae
Ectotrophic
Hypae invades the cell; mantle absent
Endotrophic
Primary growth
Apical meristem
Secondary growth
Lateral Meristem
Lateral meristem include:
Vascular cambium & Cork cambium
Vascular cambium produces:
Secobdary xylem & secondary phloem
Cork cambium produces:
Cork cells (contains suberin) & cork parenchyma (phelloderm)
The cork cambium & the tissues it produces are called
Periderm (outer bark)
Lenticels
Openings that allow the interior cells to exchange gases w/ the outside atmosphere
Vascular bundles arranged in a circle; distinct pith & cortex
Herbaceous DICOT stem
Stele is split into a no. of vascular bundles (D/M Stem)
Monocot stems
spaces between the bundles in monocot
Interfasicular
Space within the vascular bundle
Fasicular Vascular cambium
Lacks vascular cambium and cork cambium; do not produce true botanical woods (DICOT OR MONOCOT
Monocot
One year’s growth of xylem
Annual ring
Younger wood, lighter in color
Sapwood0
Brownish red, center of trunk
Heart wood
All tissues outside the cambium
Bark
Consisting of primary & secondary phloem
Inner
Consisting of cork tissues & cambium
Outer bark (periderm)
Resemble vessels, form extensive branched networks of latex-secreting cells
Lacticifers
Ginger
Rhizomes
Strawberry
Runners
Similar to runners;beneath, not hori
Stolons
Grapes
Stem tendrils
Colocasia
Corms
Cactus
Cladophylls
Sweet potatoes
Tubers
Carrots
Food storage
Garlic
Bulbs
Lily
Bulbs
Onion
Bulb
Tulips
Turnucate, bulbs
Daffodils
Turnicate (papery) bulb
Cover the terminal bud and protect its delicate tip during dormancy
Bud scales
Axillary buds develop above the ___
Leaf scars
Responsible for the initiation of new leaves and buds
SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM (SAM)
All leaves originate as ___
Primordia
3 primary meristems
- PROTODERM
- GROUND MERISTEM
- PROCAMBIUM
Gives rise to epidermis
PROTODERM
Produces water conducting primary xylem and primary phloem cells
Procambium
Produces 2 tissues composed of parenchyma cells known as pith & cortex
Ground meristem
Functions of pith & cortex
Storing food & manufacturing it
5 tissues produced by the apical meristem complex
epidermis, primary xylem, primary phloem, pith & cortex
Stem incfeasing in length
Primary tissues
Length fo plant
Primary growth
Girth Increase
Secondary growth& lateral meristem
Nitrogen fixing bacteria
Rhizobium bacteria
3 PRIMADY TISSUES OF A CELL
Epidermis, cortex & Vascular cylinder
2 reasons why osmosis occurs?
- Higher concentration in the soil than within the epidermal cells
- Membrane of the epidermal cells is permeable to water
What forms bciz of the 2 conditions in osmosis
Osmotic gradient
The flow in osmotic gradient that causes the water to drive through the roots.
ROOT PRESSURE
4 MAIN function of stem
- Support
- Conduction
- Growth
- Storage
Bud at the tip of the stem
Terminal bud
Bud found in the axil, also termed as lateral bud
Axillary bud
A waxy layer in epidermal cells that reduces water loss from exterior walls.
CUTIN
leaf’s exposed upper epidermis has a THICKER CUTICLE than the shaded lower epudermis
TRIVIA ONLY
Leaf opening in the mesophyll layer, functions for gas exchange
STOMATA
Only epidermal cells w/ chloroplast
GUARD CELLS
Main site of photosynthesis in the leaf
PALISADE MESOPHYLL
Mesophyll layer whose primary function is to allow diffusion of gases
Spongy mesophyll
VEINS CONTAIN XYLEM AND PHLOEM
trivia
BLADE
Lamina
Parallel venation
Monocots
Net-like/ distinct network of veins (D/M)
Dicot
EPIDERMIS LACKS CHLOROPLAST
TRUE
Epidermal cells facing toward the outside enviro
Thicker than cell facing in ward
large thin walled cells located at the upper epidermis
Bulliform cells (fikds inward during drought)
3 Function of leafs (PGS)
• Photosynthesis
• Gas exchange
• Storage of food
Simple leaf
Simple blade
Compound leaf
Divided by leaflets
Leaves whose leaflets are attached at the same point at the end of the petiole
Palmately compound
Leaves whose leaflets are in pairs sa gilid; Extension of petiole = rachis
Pinnately compound
Arrangement of leaves in a stem
Phyllotaxy
Plant that have only 1 leaf per node are either
Alternate/spiral
3 venation patterns
Reticulated, parallel, dichotomous
Type of venation that are arranged in net-like pattern interconnected like the strands of a net; most common venation pattern for dicot plants.
Compound/reticulated
Loss of water vapor in aerial plant through stomata openings
Transpiration
The process of absorbing energy from sunlight and using it to produce food in the form of sugar
Photosynthesis
Secretion of droplets of water from the pores of a plant called hydathodes
Guttation
(modified leaves)
- Larger counterpart
- Thinner mesophyll
- No many hair
Shade leaves
Thick, leathery leaves, fewer stomata
Leaved of arid region (cactus)
Less xylem, not differentiated mesophyll into palisade and spongy
Leaves in aquatic areas
Climbing/support weak setm
Tendrills
Less loss of water; leaf tissues replaced with schlerenchyma
Spines
Mataba na spine
Prickles
Mapayat na mahaba na spine
Thorns
Outgrowths from the epidermis/cortex
Spine
Succulent leaves; parenchyma cells w/ large vacoules
Storage leaves
Mass of tightly packed, transparent water storage cells
Window leaves
Plant with pouches
Flower pot leaves
Tiny plantlet among leaf margins, walking fern, new leaf at leaf tips
Reproductive leaves
No petal but brightly colored functionas petals in attracting pollinators (barct)
Floral leaves
Passive trap; have nectar sectreting glands
Pitcher plant (Serracenia)
Mechanically/active trap insects; leaves covered with grandular hair
Sundews (drosera)
Active trap; 2 halves of the blade have the appearance of beaing hati along the midrib
Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula)
Found in margins of lakes and streams, have finely dissected leaves with tiny bladders
Bladderworts (utricularia)
Flowers can be used in:
Identification of specieb& determination of evolutionary relationships.
Female reproductive organ of flower; consisting of ovary, stigma, style.
Carpel
Male reproductive organ of flower
Stamen
calyx + corolla
Perianth
Petals
Corolla
Sepals
Calyx
Termed as Gynoecium
CARPEL
Termed as Androecium
STAMEN
Collect & receive the pollen
Stigma
Slender tube that connects stigma to ovary; pathawy of pollen
style
Contains and protects the ovules
Ovary
What part develops into fruits?
Ovary
Structure that contains sperm cell
Pollen
Where pollen grains develop; found at the top of the filament
Anther
Supports the anther
Filament
Contains eggs for fertilization
Ovules
Outermost whorl; calyx
Sepals
Inner whorl; corolla
Petal
Dicot flower
Flower parts multiple of 4 and 5
Monocot flower
Flower parts in multiples of 3
Vascular cambium & cork cambium present
Dicot
Vasxular cambium and cork cambium absent
Monocot
Vascular bundles of stem in ring
Dicot
Vascular bundles of stem is scattered
Monocot
Pollen grains with 3 apertyres
Dicot
Pollen grains with 1 apeerures
Monocot
Simple pistil
unicarpellate
Compound pistil
Syncarpous
Un-united pistil
Apocarpous
Complete flower
Having petals, sepal, pistil, stamens
If a flower lacking one or more of these whorls
Inc
Movement of pollen from the anthers to the stigma
Pollination
Group/cluster of flowers
Inflorescence
Reproductive portion of a flower that bears a cluster of flowera
Inflorescence
Shrinkage of cytoplasm as a result of osmosis
Plasmosis
Part where ovule was attached to ovary wall
Hilum
Next to the hilum; pore where water is absorbed
Micropyle
Where cotyledon si attached
Embeyo
Short part of the stem above the cotyledon ABOVE- E
Epicotyl
Below the attachment
Hypocotyl
Tip that will develop into root
Radicle
Growth while seeds/ flowers are there; phenomenon of giving birth to young organism in advanced stage of development; occurs in mammals and mangrove plants
VIVIPARY
1 pistil, same flower
Simple fruit
More than 1 pistil, same flower
Aggregate
Inflorescence (madami/more than 1 pistil), diff. flower
Multiple fruits
Movement of molecule/ion from higher to lower concentration ( slide)
Diffusion
Molecules that are moving along the region of higher to lower concentration (hagdan)
Diffusion gradient
Semi-permeable
Diffuses at diff. rates
Diffusion of matter through a semi permeable membrane from a more concentrated region to low concentrated region
OSMOSIS
water absroption; Attraction & adhesion of water to internal; results in swelling first step
Imbibition
Water rises bcoz of.. (cohesion-tension theory)
Adhesion of water, cohesion & tension created by tranpiration
POLLINATION — FERTILIZATION (FUSION)— CREATION OF ZYGOTE
TRIVIA
Vegatative part of a plant include
roots, stems, shoot buds and leaves.
Reproductive part produces
Seeds
SEEDS contain the
Genetic information to produce new plant
Have no flowers & fruits and have unconclosed or “naked” seeds on the surface of a leaf
Gymnosperms
There is only one outer layering of the seed coat (Divot or monocot)
Monocot
The seed coat is membranous and generally fused with the fruit wall (D or M seed)
MONOCOT
The endosperm is bulky & stores food (D/M)
M seed
The outer covering of endosperm seperates the embryo by a proteinous layer called
Aleurone layer
This is one large shield-shaped cotyledon (M have this)
Scutellum
The embryo is small and situated in a groove at one end of the endosperm
Embryo; M
Plumule & raducle are the 2 ends
M; embryonal axis
What do u call the 2 layers of dicot seed coat
Outer testa & inner tegmen
Consist of embryonal axis & 2 cotyledon
Embryo
Seed leaf; fleshy & full of reserve food material
Cotyledons
Part of fruit containing the various covering of the fruit and the seed
Pericarp
Part of fruit formed from the outer layer of the epidermis
Exocarp
A fruit developed solely from the ovary and its content
True fruit
A fruit developed from the ovary and its content + receptacle, petals & sepals
Accesory fruit
Apple (True or accesory)
Accessory
Pinepapple (T/A)
A
Strawberry (T/A)
Beans
Simple, dehiscent, dry, legume
Pea
Simple, dry, dehiscent, legume
Columbine
Simple, DD, Follicle
Eucalyptus
Simple, DD, Capsule
Cotton
Simple, DD, Capsule
Horse chestnut
Simple, DD, capsule
Jimson
Simple dd, Capsule
Mustad
Simple, DD, silique
Indehiscent
Does not open its seed when mature
Dandelion
Simple, ID, Achene, Contractile, FOOD storage
Sunflower
Simple, Achene, ID
Chestnut
Simple, ID, Nut
Hazel
Simple, Id, nut
Maple
Simple, ID, Samara
Wheat
Simple, ID, Grain
Corn
Simple, ID, grain, Aerial
Mallow
Simple, ID, Schizocarp
Carrot
Simple, ID, schizocarp
Dill
Simple, ID schizocarp
Cherry
Simple, drupe
Coconut
Simple, drupe
Coconut
Drupe
Walnut
Drupe
Grape
Berry
Banana
berry
Lemon
Beery, hespiridium
Watermelon (type of fruit)
Berry, pepo
Squash
Berry, pepo
Apple, pear, mounrain ash
Pome, fleshy
Rasberry, strawberrt
Aggregate
Mulberrt, fig
Multiple fruit
3 basic parts of seed
Embryo, endosperm, seed coat
Process by which a dormant seed begins to sprout & grow into a seedling under the right growing condition
Germination
Artificially cracking the seedcoat to break dormancy
Scarification
3 parts of Germination process
- Hydration/imbibition
- Breaking dormancy
- Enzyme activation
5 Germination process
- Imbibition
- Respiration
- Effect of light on seed germination
- Mobilization of reserves during germination & role of growth regulators
- Development of embryo axis into seedling
2 Internal factors affecting seed germination
Maturity of embryo, presence/ absence of chemical inhibitors
3 External factors affecting seed germination
Oxygen, water, temperature
The general process by which organisms oxidize organic molecules (sugar) and deruve energy (ATP) from the molecular bonds that are broken
Respiration
