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Bio 4 Final Exam > Lecture Final part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Final part 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

uses general premises to make specific predictions

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1
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

uses general premises to make specific predictions

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2
Q

what must a hypothesis be?

A

testable and falsifiable

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3
Q

what is inductive reasoning?

A

draws conclusions through the process of induction, repeating observations leads to generalizations

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4
Q

what does atomic # tell?

A

the number of protons

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5
Q

what does atomic mass tell?

A

number of protons plus neutrons

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6
Q

what are the most reactive?

A

valence electrons

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7
Q

when does an electron have the most/least energy?

A

an electron has most energy far from nucleus, and less energy close to nucleus

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8
Q

Do sodium or chlorine gain or lose an electron?

A

sodium is positive (cation), so it lends an electron to the chlorine (anion)

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8
Q

Do sodium or chlorine gain or lose an electron?

A

sodium is positive (cation), so it lends an electron to the chlorine (anion)

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9
Q

what are van der waals?

A

attractions between molecules that are simply close to eachother as a result of their charges

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10
Q

what do ionic bonds do?

A

ionic bonds strip electrons from their bonding partners

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11
Q

what do covalent bonds do?

A

covalent bonds share electrons equally (nonpolar)
- in a polar covalent bond, one atom is more electronegative so they dont share equally

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12
Q

what is a hydrogen bond?

A

a hydrogen bond forms when hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom

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13
Q

link terms together for hydrophilic

A

hydrophilic means love water, is water-soluble, polar, and charged

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14
Q

what do charged things love?

A

WATER

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15
Q

group together hydrophobic terms

A

hates water, non soluble, nonpolar, lipophilic (loves lipids), hydrocarbons are nonpolar

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16
Q

what materials dissolve in water?

A

hydrophilic

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17
Q

what are the ingredients for the 4 macromolecules?

A

Carbs (C, H2, O)
Lipids (C, H, O)
Proteins (C, H, O, N, S)
Nucleic Acids (C, H, O, N, P)

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18
Q

what are nucleic acids made of?

A

phosphate group, sugar molecules, nitrogenous bases

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19
Q

monomer of proteins?

A

amino acids

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20
Q

what are the pyrmidines

A

Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine (1 ring, 6 members)

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21
Q

what are the purines

A

Adenine, Guanine (2 rings, 6 membered & 5 membered)

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22
Q

how do plants store glucose vs humans

A

plants store as starch and humans as glycogen

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23
Q

primary structure??

A

the unique sequence of amino acids

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24
Q

secondary structure has?

A

has coils and folds, coils are a helix and folded are B pleated, has hydrogen bonds

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25
Q

tertiary structure?

A

the overall 3D shape

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26
Q

quaternary structure?

A

two or more polypeptide chains and how they fit together

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27
Q

what is not apart of the endomembrane system?

A

mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes

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28
Q

diffusion goes from

A

high to low

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29
Q

osmosis is

A

the diffusion of water from region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration

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30
Q

facilitated diffusion is

A

from high to low but you need a protein channel to open up and let things pass

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31
Q

active transport is

A

requires energy and a protein channel, goes from lower concentration to higher concentration

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32
Q

what 2 things does solution consist of?

A

solute and solvent

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33
Q

how do animal vs plant cells react in DI water

A

animal hates, plant loves (hypotonic)

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34
Q

how do animals vs plant cells react in isotonic solution

A

animals love it, plant cells go flacid

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35
Q

how do animals vs plant cells react in hypertonic

A

lethal for both plant and animal cells

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36
Q

photosynthesis and thermodynamic terms

A

photosynthesis is endergonic, anabolic, nonspontaneous, and positive delta G

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37
Q

cellular respiration and thermodynamic terms

A

exergonic, catabolic, spontaneous, negative delta G

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38
Q

what is oxidized and what is reduced in cellular respiration?

A

in cellular respiration, sugar is oxidized and oxygen is reduced

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39
Q

if something loses electrons is it reduced or oxided

A

losing electrons is oxidized, gaining electrons is reduced

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40
Q

where does glycolysis occur and what are its products

A

glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm (GLY = 222); 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

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41
Q

products and location of the citric acid cycle

A

citric cycle occurs in the mitochondria, produced 3 NADH, 1 ATP, 1 FADH2, 2CO2

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42
Q

where are protons pumped in ETC

A

from mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space

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43
Q

what does ETC make but what does it not make

A

ETC makes the proton gradient which makes ATP, but does not directly make ATP

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44
Q

what is chemiosmosis?

A

a process where energy of protons flowing back through allows it to add inorganic phosphate to make ATP

45
Q

where do electrons come from in the ETC?

A

come from the NADH and FADH2

46
Q

3 products of yeast fermentation

A

NAD, Ethanol, and CO2

47
Q

what produces NAD in yeast fermentation?

A

reducing acetaldehyde to ethanol using NADH to get NAD back from NADH from glycolysis

48
Q

light dependent reactions

A

light dependent is when sun is used to make ATP and NADPH for the next process of photosynthesis

49
Q

light independent reaction

A

calvin cycle; use NADPH and ATP to create glucose

50
Q

where do light dependent reactions takeplace?

A

in the thylakoid; oxygen to produce water and feeds it to calvin cycle

51
Q

where does light independent reaction take place

A

calvin cycle takes place in the stroma and produces sugar, glucose

52
Q

what does the second electron transport chain make?

A

NADPH

53
Q

where does oxygen come from (in photosynthesis)??

A

water, H2O

54
Q

what are the only pigments that are directly apart of photosynthesis?

A

chlorophyll A only, B and carotenoids are accessory

55
Q

how many sets of chromosomes do diploid and haploid have?

A

diploid has 2 sets of chromosomes, haploid has 1

56
Q

somatic cells are? gametes are? sperm and egg are? zygotes are?

A

somatic are diploid, gametes haploid, sperm and egg are haploid, zygotes are diploid

57
Q

where does replication occur?

A

in the S phase DNA is replicated

58
Q

what is a tetrad?

A

a pair of chromosomes, consisting of four chromatids

59
Q

steps of mitosis

A

prophase: chromosomes condense and thicken
metaphase: chromosomes line up single file in
the middle
anaphase: sister chromatids start to separate
telophase: two nuclei form and cells separate

60
Q

steps of meiosis

A

prophase: chromosomes condense and cross over
metaphase: pairs of homologous chromosomes line up
anaphase: homologs move to opposite sides of cells
telophase: cell divides into two haploids

61
Q

crossing over occurs between

A

nonsister chromatids

62
Q

cytokinesis in plants vs animals

A

in animals it is a cleavage furrow, in plants it is a cell plate

63
Q

properties of dna

A

two strands run antiparallel, has a sugar phosphate backbone, direction of replication is 5’ to 3’

64
Q

what charge is DNA

A

negatively charged

65
Q

how conservative is DNA replication?

A

semi-conservative

66
Q

how does tRNA relate to DNA? ex: if DNA is ACT

A

it is the same as DNA except the T switches with U, so ACT goes to ACU

67
Q

what is transcription?

A

using DNA to make mRNA, the mRNA is complementary to the DNA

68
Q

If DNA is ACT what is mRNA?

A

UGA

69
Q

what is translation?

A

using mRNA to make proteins

70
Q

where does transcription take place in eukaryotes?

A

in the nucleus because thats where the DNA is

71
Q

What does RNA polymerase do?

A

it adds complementary bases to the template strand of DNA

72
Q

RNA Splicing

A

in eukaryotes, you cut intons out and paste exons together

73
Q

P site, A site, E site

A

P site is polypetide, A is amino acid, E is exit for empty tRNA

74
Q

where are codons found?

A

codons are in mRNA (triplet means amino acid)

75
Q

where are anticodons found ?

A

anticodons in tRNA (base pairs with complementary codon of mRNA)

76
Q

can viruses have sugars?

A

yes, they can have glycoproteins

77
Q

what do viruses consist of and what form?

A

consist of a genome in either form DNA or RNA

78
Q

lytic cycle vs lysogenic

A

lytic cycle blows it up but lysogenic cycle produces daughter cells

79
Q

what does ecosystem ecology emphasize?

A

energy flow and chemical cycling among various biotic and abiotic components

80
Q

community ecology?

A

how different species in community interact with each other, ex: predator & prey

81
Q

population ecology?

A

focuses on factors affecting population size over time, demographic, how spread out

82
Q

organismal ecology?

A

studies how an organisms structure, physiology, and behavior meet environmental challenges

83
Q

landscape ecology

A

focuses on the exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems

84
Q

principle of competitive exclusion?

A

if you have 2 diff species competing for the same resource, one will outcompete and the one that doesnt will go extinct

85
Q

darwinian fitness?

A

must be able to reproduce and pass on genes

86
Q

k selected vs r selected

A

k selected is density dependent and r selected is density independent

87
Q

examples of density dependent factors

A

competition for resources, disease, predation, intrinsic factors

88
Q

examples of density independent factors

A

natural disasters

89
Q

life traits of opportunistic

A

r selected; unpredictable, short, short, high death rate, many offspring, one reproduction, small offspring, little care

90
Q

life traits of equilibrial

A

k selected; predictable, long, long, low death, few offspring, several reproductions, large offspring, no care

91
Q

how much energy do countries use?

A

more wealthy and industrialized countries use more energy

92
Q

provide a fundamental vs realized niche example

A

fundamental is that a species could occupy a whole entire space if they could but realized is the truth is they can’t occupy it all because theres another species there but fundamentally theyd take it all up

93
Q

what is rainshadow?

A

the leeward side of the mountain is where the precipitation is less noticeable than on the windward side, bc air loses moisture before reaching leeward side

94
Q

interspecific interactions and their signs

A

competition (- -)
predation (+ -)
herbivory (+ -)
parasitism (+ -)
mutualism (+ +)

95
Q

mullerian mimicry?

A

both nasty and look alike so everyone leaves you alone (two yellow bees different species mimic eachother)

96
Q

cryptic coloration?

A

camoflauge makes prey difficult to spot

97
Q

batesian mimicry

A

a harmless specious looks like a harmful one (Looking like a bad guy)

98
Q

aposematic coloration?

A

using bright colors so predators are cautious with prey of these colors, have effective chemical defense

99
Q

both clumped and uniform can show

A

territoriality

100
Q

efficiency of energy transfer from one trophic level to the next

A

10% rule, from 80 x 10 to 800 x 10

101
Q

what birth and death rate do you have if youve made the demographic transition

A

low death rate and low birth rate

102
Q

dominant vs keystone

A

dominant is most abundant, keystone is not big but provides more diversty ex: otter and sea star

103
Q

primary vs secondary succession

A

secondary still has soil but primary has no soil when succession begins

104
Q

CAM plant

A

temporal solution, closes during day and opens at night to minimize photorespiration

105
Q

C4 plant

A

uses spatial solution because of special leaf anatomy

106
Q

define chemiosmosis

A

the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work

107
Q

lac operon is mostly turned

A

OFF,

108
Q

when does lac operon turn off

A

lactose present, glucose scarce

109
Q

where does the repressor bind

A

in between the promoter and the gene is the operator, binds to the operator

110
Q

prions are

A

infectious proteins in mammals, made of amino acids

111
Q

viroids are

A

small circular RNA molecules that disrupt plant growth

Bio 4 Final Exam (2 decks)

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