Lecture Final part 1 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
What is deductive reasoning?
A
uses general premises to make specific predictions
1
Q
What is deductive reasoning?
A
uses general premises to make specific predictions
2
Q
what must a hypothesis be?
A
testable and falsifiable
3
Q
what is inductive reasoning?
A
draws conclusions through the process of induction, repeating observations leads to generalizations
4
Q
what does atomic # tell?
A
the number of protons
5
Q
what does atomic mass tell?
A
number of protons plus neutrons
6
Q
what are the most reactive?
A
valence electrons
7
Q
when does an electron have the most/least energy?
A
an electron has most energy far from nucleus, and less energy close to nucleus
8
Q
Do sodium or chlorine gain or lose an electron?
A
sodium is positive (cation), so it lends an electron to the chlorine (anion)
8
Q
Do sodium or chlorine gain or lose an electron?
A
sodium is positive (cation), so it lends an electron to the chlorine (anion)
9
Q
what are van der waals?
A
attractions between molecules that are simply close to eachother as a result of their charges
10
Q
what do ionic bonds do?
A
ionic bonds strip electrons from their bonding partners
11
Q
what do covalent bonds do?
A
covalent bonds share electrons equally (nonpolar)
- in a polar covalent bond, one atom is more electronegative so they dont share equally
12
Q
what is a hydrogen bond?
A
a hydrogen bond forms when hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom
13
Q
link terms together for hydrophilic
A
hydrophilic means love water, is water-soluble, polar, and charged
14
Q
what do charged things love?
A
WATER
15
Q
group together hydrophobic terms
A
hates water, non soluble, nonpolar, lipophilic (loves lipids), hydrocarbons are nonpolar
16
Q
what materials dissolve in water?
A
hydrophilic
17
Q
what are the ingredients for the 4 macromolecules?
A
Carbs (C, H2, O)
Lipids (C, H, O)
Proteins (C, H, O, N, S)
Nucleic Acids (C, H, O, N, P)
18
Q
what are nucleic acids made of?
A
phosphate group, sugar molecules, nitrogenous bases
19
Q
monomer of proteins?
A
amino acids
20
Q
what are the pyrmidines
A
Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine (1 ring, 6 members)
21
Q
what are the purines
A
Adenine, Guanine (2 rings, 6 membered & 5 membered)
22
Q
how do plants store glucose vs humans
A
plants store as starch and humans as glycogen
23
primary structure??
the unique sequence of amino acids
24
secondary structure has?
has coils and folds, coils are a helix and folded are B pleated, has hydrogen bonds
25
tertiary structure?
the overall 3D shape
26
quaternary structure?
two or more polypeptide chains and how they fit together
27
what is not apart of the endomembrane system?
mitochondria, chloroplasts, and peroxisomes
28
diffusion goes from
high to low
29
osmosis is
the diffusion of water from region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration
30
facilitated diffusion is
from high to low but you need a protein channel to open up and let things pass
31
active transport is
requires energy and a protein channel, goes from lower concentration to higher concentration
32
what 2 things does solution consist of?
solute and solvent
33
how do animal vs plant cells react in DI water
animal hates, plant loves (hypotonic)
34
how do animals vs plant cells react in isotonic solution
animals love it, plant cells go flacid
35
how do animals vs plant cells react in hypertonic
lethal for both plant and animal cells
36
photosynthesis and thermodynamic terms
photosynthesis is endergonic, anabolic, nonspontaneous, and positive delta G
37
cellular respiration and thermodynamic terms
exergonic, catabolic, spontaneous, negative delta G
38
what is oxidized and what is reduced in cellular respiration?
in cellular respiration, sugar is oxidized and oxygen is reduced
39
if something loses electrons is it reduced or oxided
losing electrons is oxidized, gaining electrons is reduced
40
where does glycolysis occur and what are its products
glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm (GLY = 222); 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
41
products and location of the citric acid cycle
citric cycle occurs in the mitochondria, produced 3 NADH, 1 ATP, 1 FADH2, 2CO2
42
where are protons pumped in ETC
from mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space
43
what does ETC make but what does it not make
ETC makes the proton gradient which makes ATP, but does not directly make ATP
44
what is chemiosmosis?
a process where energy of protons flowing back through allows it to add inorganic phosphate to make ATP
45
where do electrons come from in the ETC?
come from the NADH and FADH2
46
3 products of yeast fermentation
NAD, Ethanol, and CO2
47
what produces NAD in yeast fermentation?
reducing acetaldehyde to ethanol using NADH to get NAD back from NADH from glycolysis
48
light dependent reactions
light dependent is when sun is used to make ATP and NADPH for the next process of photosynthesis
49
light independent reaction
calvin cycle; use NADPH and ATP to create glucose
50
where do light dependent reactions takeplace?
in the thylakoid; oxygen to produce water and feeds it to calvin cycle
51
where does light independent reaction take place
calvin cycle takes place in the stroma and produces sugar, glucose
52
what does the second electron transport chain make?
NADPH
53
where does oxygen come from (in photosynthesis)??
water, H2O
54
what are the only pigments that are directly apart of photosynthesis?
chlorophyll A only, B and carotenoids are accessory
55
how many sets of chromosomes do diploid and haploid have?
diploid has 2 sets of chromosomes, haploid has 1
56
somatic cells are? gametes are? sperm and egg are? zygotes are?
somatic are diploid, gametes haploid, sperm and egg are haploid, zygotes are diploid
57
where does replication occur?
in the S phase DNA is replicated
58
what is a tetrad?
a pair of chromosomes, consisting of four chromatids
59
steps of mitosis
prophase: chromosomes condense and thicken
metaphase: chromosomes line up single file in
the middle
anaphase: sister chromatids start to separate
telophase: two nuclei form and cells separate
60
steps of meiosis
prophase: chromosomes condense and cross over
metaphase: pairs of homologous chromosomes line up
anaphase: homologs move to opposite sides of cells
telophase: cell divides into two haploids
61
crossing over occurs between
nonsister chromatids
62
cytokinesis in plants vs animals
in animals it is a cleavage furrow, in plants it is a cell plate
63
properties of dna
two strands run antiparallel, has a sugar phosphate backbone, direction of replication is 5' to 3'
64
what charge is DNA
negatively charged
65
how conservative is DNA replication?
semi-conservative
66
how does tRNA relate to DNA? ex: if DNA is ACT
it is the same as DNA except the T switches with U, so ACT goes to ACU
67
what is transcription?
using DNA to make mRNA, the mRNA is complementary to the DNA
68
If DNA is ACT what is mRNA?
UGA
69
what is translation?
using mRNA to make proteins
70
where does transcription take place in eukaryotes?
in the nucleus because thats where the DNA is
71
What does RNA polymerase do?
it adds complementary bases to the template strand of DNA
72
RNA Splicing
in eukaryotes, you cut intons out and paste exons together
73
P site, A site, E site
P site is polypetide, A is amino acid, E is exit for empty tRNA
74
where are codons found?
codons are in mRNA (triplet means amino acid)
75
where are anticodons found ?
anticodons in tRNA (base pairs with complementary codon of mRNA)
76
can viruses have sugars?
yes, they can have glycoproteins
77
what do viruses consist of and what form?
consist of a genome in either form DNA or RNA
78
lytic cycle vs lysogenic
lytic cycle blows it up but lysogenic cycle produces daughter cells
79
what does ecosystem ecology emphasize?
energy flow and chemical cycling among various biotic and abiotic components
80
community ecology?
how different species in community interact with each other, ex: predator & prey
81
population ecology?
focuses on factors affecting population size over time, demographic, how spread out
82
organismal ecology?
studies how an organisms structure, physiology, and behavior meet environmental challenges
83
landscape ecology
focuses on the exchanges of energy, materials, and organisms across multiple ecosystems
84
principle of competitive exclusion?
if you have 2 diff species competing for the same resource, one will outcompete and the one that doesnt will go extinct
85
darwinian fitness?
must be able to reproduce and pass on genes
86
k selected vs r selected
k selected is density dependent and r selected is density independent
87
examples of density dependent factors
competition for resources, disease, predation, intrinsic factors
88
examples of density independent factors
natural disasters
89
life traits of opportunistic
r selected; unpredictable, short, short, high death rate, many offspring, one reproduction, small offspring, little care
90
life traits of equilibrial
k selected; predictable, long, long, low death, few offspring, several reproductions, large offspring, no care
91
how much energy do countries use?
more wealthy and industrialized countries use more energy
92
provide a fundamental vs realized niche example
fundamental is that a species could occupy a whole entire space if they could but realized is the truth is they can't occupy it all because theres another species there but fundamentally theyd take it all up
93
what is rainshadow?
the leeward side of the mountain is where the precipitation is less noticeable than on the windward side, bc air loses moisture before reaching leeward side
94
interspecific interactions and their signs
competition (- -)
predation (+ -)
herbivory (+ -)
parasitism (+ -)
mutualism (+ +)
95
mullerian mimicry?
both nasty and look alike so everyone leaves you alone (two yellow bees different species mimic eachother)
96
cryptic coloration?
camoflauge makes prey difficult to spot
97
batesian mimicry
a harmless specious looks like a harmful one (Looking like a bad guy)
98
aposematic coloration?
using bright colors so predators are cautious with prey of these colors, have effective chemical defense
99
both clumped and uniform can show
territoriality
100
efficiency of energy transfer from one trophic level to the next
10% rule, from 80 x 10 to 800 x 10
101
what birth and death rate do you have if youve made the demographic transition
low death rate and low birth rate
102
dominant vs keystone
dominant is most abundant, keystone is not big but provides more diversty ex: otter and sea star
103
primary vs secondary succession
secondary still has soil but primary has no soil when succession begins
104
CAM plant
temporal solution, closes during day and opens at night to minimize photorespiration
105
C4 plant
uses spatial solution because of special leaf anatomy
106
define chemiosmosis
the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work
107
lac operon is mostly turned
OFF,
108
when does lac operon turn off
lactose present, glucose scarce
109
where does the repressor bind
in between the promoter and the gene is the operator, binds to the operator
110
prions are
infectious proteins in mammals, made of amino acids
111
viroids are
small circular RNA molecules that disrupt plant growth
