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Bio 4 Final Exam > Final Exam Questions > Flashcards

Final Exam Questions Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a control?

A

The purpose of a control is to set a standard and compare it to experimental results

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2
Q

What does an unpaired T-test look for?

A

an unpaired T test looks for the difference between means of two unrelated groups

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3
Q

What does a paired T-test look for?

A

a paired T test compares the means of the same group under two separate scenarios

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4
Q

When do you reject the null hypothesis?

A

reject it when p is less than or equal to 0.05 because there is a significant difference, meaning t is greater than or equal to 0.05

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5
Q

When do you accept the null hypothesis?

A

accept it when p is greater than 0.5 because there is no significant difference, meaning t is less than 0.5

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6
Q

how do you adjust the light intensity on a microscope?

A

using the light knob aka the iris diaphragm

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7
Q

What was the non competitive inhibitor in the enzyme experiment?

A

phenylthiourea was a noncompetitive inhibitor

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8
Q

what is used to test for starch?

A

the iodine test: brownish turns dark blue or purple

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9
Q

if you completely digest starch, what do you get?

A

glucose

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10
Q

what 2 things denature proteins?

A

pH and temperature

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11
Q

what is benedict’s test? what if it is negative?

A

benedicts test for carbohydrates, reducing sugars: turns red orange (does not test for starch or sucrose); if it is negative it stays blue

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12
Q

what is used to test for lipids?

A

Sudan’s test; bright red color

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13
Q

Biuret tested for?

A

Biuret tested for protein, turned purple if positive

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14
Q

what is the monomer of proteins?

A

amino acids

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15
Q

what is the monomer of lipids?

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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16
Q

what is the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

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17
Q

what is the monomer of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

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18
Q

what are facts about enzymes? what dont they do?

A
  • they are catalysts
  • they show specificity for certain molecules
  • they can be regulated by effectors and inhibitors
  • they are recyclable
  • they dont provide activation energy
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19
Q

difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A
  1. prokaryotes are unicellular, eukaryotes are multi-celled
  2. Dna in prokaryotes is in the cytoplasm, DNA in eukaryotes is in the nucleus
  3. Prokaryotes are Bacteria and Archaea
  4. Eukaryotes are animals, plants, fungi, protists
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20
Q

differences between animal cells and plant cells

A
  • plant cells, fungi, prokaryotes have cell walls
  • animal cells do not have cell walls or chloroplasts
  • animal cells have a centrosome and a lysosome
  • plant cells have a large central vacuole
  • animal cells have a cytoskeleton
  • both have a cell membrane
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21
Q

what four things do all cells have?

A

all cells have chromosomes, cytoplasm, cell membrane, and ribosomes

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22
Q

where does salt go in a semi-permeable membrane between two salt solutions, one 10% and one 80%?

A

salt will go from high to low to try to balance it out

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23
Q

where does water go in terms of high and low solute concentrations?

A

water goes from low solute concentration to high solute concentration because if there are high amounts of salt, it wants to lessen it so it goes over there

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24
Q

what is hypertonic

A

hypertonic has a higher solute concentration of fluid

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25
Q

what is hypotonic

A

hypotonic has a lower solute concentration of fluid

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26
Q

what has less solute hypertonic or hypotonic?

A

hypotonic

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27
Q

what happens if a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

a hypertonic solution would have more salt, so the water goes out following the salt, and the cell shrivels

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28
Q

what happens if a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?

A

if a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, theres more salt in the cell so it swells up and bursts (cytolysis)

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29
Q

what would happen to a contractile vacuole if you put an amoeba in DI water or salt solution?

A

in DI water, it would pump faster
in salt solution, it would go slower

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30
Q

What passed through the bag and what didn’t in the dialysis experiment?

A

salt and glucose passed through the bag but protein and starch were too big

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31
Q

did water or iodine move in the dialysis experiment?

A

water moved because the bag got heavier, and iodine moved because the bag turned blue

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32
Q

how many cells are at the end of mitosis and are they identical?

A

2 and they are genetically identical

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33
Q

what happens in the phases of mitosis?

A

prophase: chromosomes shorten and thicken
metaphase: chromosomes line up in middle
anaphase: chromatids break apart and separate poles
telophase: two nuclei form around each group

34
Q

what speeds up diffusion rate?

A

increasing temperature and lowering molecular weight
(slows down is decreasing temperature and increasing weight)

35
Q

what becomes what in photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water = sugar and ocygen

36
Q

where does photosynthesis occur?

A

in the chloroplast

37
Q

does increasing light intensity increase the rate of photosynthesis?

A

yes

38
Q

what are the products of yeast fermentation?

A

NAD, CO2, and alcohol

39
Q

how does fermentation work?

A

begins with glycolysis, breaks it down into 2 pyruvate 2 ATP and 2 NADH, but NADH gets coverted to NAD

40
Q

When does the mouse produce most carbon dioxide?

A

at less than room temperature because it got cold and shivered

41
Q

what are the 4 mechanisms of heat loss?

A

heat can be lost through conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation

41
Q

what are the 4 mechanisms of heat loss?

A

heat can be lost through conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation

42
Q

define the 4 mechanisms of heat loss

A

conduction: transfers heat from one to another (physical)
convection: transfers heat to air or water
radiation: transfers heat via infrared radiation
evaporation: transfers heat as water changes from liquid to gas

43
Q

What is phenol red?

A

phenol red is a pH indicator

44
Q

What kind of cells can you use for DNA electrophoresis?

A

all types of cells that have a nucleus, but not red blood cells because they dont have a nucleus or organelles

45
Q

What is the flow of information in protein synthesis?

A

DNA to mRNA to tRNA to protein

46
Q

what is the difference between RNA and DNA

A

in DNA you want T’s no U’s
in any RNA you want U’s no T’s

47
Q

where do you load the gel electrophoresis?

A

load it at the negative end because they migrate towards the positive end

48
Q

is DNA negatively charged or positively charged

A

DNA is negatively charged

49
Q

what determines if something goes farther down the gel?

A

if you are smaller, you will go farther down the gel

50
Q

what are RFLP’s?

A

RFLP’s are fragments of DNA that make a banding pattern, gels can show different banding patterns because of the RFLP’s

51
Q

how many daughter cells after first and second meiotic divisions?

A

after first there are 2, after second there are 4; not genetically identical

52
Q

if there are 46 chromosomes after replication, how many homologous pairs?

A

23

53
Q

if there are 46 chromosomes after replication, how many chromatids?

A

46 it does not change

54
Q

need to know how to use the hardy-weinberg equation**

A
55
Q

incomplete dominance vs codominance

A

in incomplete dominance red and white flowers make pink flowers, in codominance red and white flowers might make a flower with red and white

56
Q

what is always the ocular lens power?

A

10x

57
Q

what is the total magnification if the objective lens is 100

A

100 x 10 is 1000

58
Q

what is the most adaptive? genetic drift, natural selection, etc

A

natural selection is the most adaptive

59
Q

what is density?

A

density is the amount of individuals per unit area of volume

60
Q

Describe the Phylum Porifera

A

Porifera = Porous, sponges, are asymmetrical with no body shape and are sessile

61
Q

Describe the Phylum Cnidaria

A

aka coelentara, ex:jellyfish, sea anemone, coral, have radial symmetry and body is arranged around central point

(Cnidaria = Central Point = Radius = Radial Symmetry)

62
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A

(roundworms); have a digestive system with mouth and anus but have a false body cavity

63
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

mollusks, shelled animals with soft inside like oysters, ones with reduced or lost shells are octopus and squid

64
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A

(flatworms) bilateral symmetry or 2 sided, has right and left sides but have special digestive tract, acoelemate and lack a body cavity; tapeworms

65
Q

Difference between a blastula and a morula?

A

morula is a solid ball with like 16 cells
after a morula you get a blastula, has like 32 and is hollow

66
Q

gastrulation in sea star vs frog

A

gastrulation in sea star is invagination and in frog it is involution; think of tadpoles evolve into frogs so involution

67
Q

what is both sexes on a flower called?

A

a bisexual flower is perfect; has both stamens and carpels

68
Q

what is one sex on a flower called?

A

imperfect, lacks stamens or carpels

69
Q

male sex cells collectively are called?? females??

A

males are stamen and females are carpels

70
Q

describe the coastal sage scrub in words

A

the coastal sage scrub community consists of low to the ground, shrub-like plants. They are often found in woodland ecoregions of coastal California to northern regions of Baja California. They live in a Mediterraneon climate meaning hot, dry summers and cold, humid winters. Dominated by California Sagebrush

71
Q

What are keystone species and examples

A

keystone species help define an entire ecosystem ex: sea otters and sea stars ensure healthy populations on seaweed

72
Q

What were habitats in the wildlife sanctuary?

A

Lake, Swamp, Woodland, Pond, Riparian (not a beach)

73
Q

If a molecule goes from high to low it is

A

simple diffusion

74
Q

if it needs a protein channel it is

A

facilitated diffusion

75
Q

if it goes from low to high it is

A

active transport; requires protein channel and energy

76
Q

what does osmosis require?

A

water

77
Q

what is the name of the lab key?

A

Dichotomous key

78
Q

What would bubbles be if elodea photosynthesized in a tube?

A

oxygen

79
Q

what is chromatography in lab?

A

chromatography is used to separate substances in a mixture

80
Q

what are the 5 hardy-weinberg conditions

A
  • No mutation
  • Random Mating
  • Large population Size
  • No gene flow
  • No natural selection

Bio 4 Final Exam (2 decks)

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