Lecture final Flashcards by Nathan Depew

What cell type in the CNS lacks a basement membrane?

Ependymal cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What two ways do neurons communicate?

Electrically (in a neuron from end to end) and chemically (across the synapse)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where are voltage gated channels found in the neuron in abundance?

Axon hillock and axolemma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which meninge is continuous with the periosteum?

Dura mater

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What molecules have short half lives?

Hormones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What cell type is the adenohypophysis made of?

Glandular epithelium

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is T4 short for?

Thyroxine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the distribution of percentages of the hormones secreted from the adrenal medulla?

epinephrine 80%
norepinephrine 20%
dopamine <1%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What hormone stimulates glycogenesis?

Insulin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What hormone stimulates glycogenolysis and glucogenolysis?

Glucagon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the layers of the GI tract from luminal to external?

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis external
Serosa/adventitia (Serosa is outer layer of esophagus, mouth, anus, etc. Adventitia binds to body wall)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What cells secrete intrinsic factor?

Parietal cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where in the stomach are the undifferentiated stem cells?

Neck of the gastric gland

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What sections of the small intestine do what?

Duodenum does mixing
Jejunum does chemical digestion
Ileum does absorption

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Pancreas exocrine releases

Amylase (starch), lipases, proteases, nucleuses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What secretes albumin?

Liver

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Are the false or true vocal cords more superior?

False

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are clara cells?

Non-ciliated stem cells in bronchioles. They also help with the immune response

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is surfactant made of?

A lipoprotein film

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What 3 layers does kidney filtrate travel through?

Fenestrated capillaries
basement membranes
Podocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What structure contributes 80% of the semen volume?

Seminal vesicles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What structure contributes 20-30% to semen volume?

Prostate gland

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What part of the oviduct picks up the oocyte?

Infundibulum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where does fertilization occur in the oviduct?

Apmulla

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the layers of the vagina?

Mucosa, muscular layer, adventitia

What CNS cell type has a high metabolic rate?

Neuron

What is the other name for neuron soma?

perikaryon

Where are nissl bodies?

Neuronal RER

What CNS cells lack a basement membrane?

Ependymal cells

What are the layers of the basement membrane? Which layers are secreted by what?

Lamina lucida and lamina densa secreted by overlying epithelium Lamina fibroreticularis secreted by underlying CT

What is a primary component of ground substance?

Proteoglycans

Fibrocartilage is what?

Hyaline cartilage and type 1 collagen

What is the primary process of the 3rd week of development after conception?

Gastrulation

What is capacitation (concerning reproduction) and what secretion stimulates it?

Vaginal bicarbonate secretions alter the lipid and glycoprotein content of the sperm head increasing metabolism and motility

What is the acrosome reaction?

Sperm binding to and infiltrating egg

What is the cortical reaction?

Egg releases cortical granules that prevent polyspermy after sperm penetration

What happens in the second week of development after conception?

Week of 2’s Trophoblast and inner cell mass differentiation into cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast, epiblast and hypoblast

What is the primary process of the 4th week of development after conception?

Neurulation

What germ layers is epithelium derived from?

All three

What are the primary components of the basement membrane?

Collagen (Type IV & VII), proteoglycans

Cells specialized for production/secretion of mucin have:

Well-developed RER and supranuclear golgi

Cells specialized for lipid production/secretion have:

Well-developed SER Free lipid in vacuoles Prominent mitochondria with tubular cristal

Cells specialized for ion and water transportation/secretion have:

Folded plasma membrane with large numbers of mitochondria nearby Tight junctions between adjacent cells

What is the extracellular matrix of nearly all CT?

CT Fibers, ground substance, ECF

What are collagen fibers made of?

Tropocollagen

What is type 1 cartilage?

In fibrous supporting tissue providing mechanical support and tensile strength

What is type II collagen?

hyaline cartilage

What is type III cartilage?

AKA reticulin. Delicate and forms a branched meshwork

What is type IV collagen?

Contributes to mesh of basement membrane

What is type VII collagen?

Forms anchoring fibrils that link to the basement membrane

What are proteoglycans made of?

Covalently bound glyscosaminoglycans (GAGs) Most have a protein core

What is the common molecule among GAGs?

Glucosamine

What is the largest GAG?

Hyaluronic acid

What GAG is not bound to a protein core?

What GAG has the highest negative charge?

heparin

What kind of cell is multilocular?

Brown adipose tissue

What is hyaline cartilage?

Type II collagen, proteoglycans, hyaluronic acid

What is elastic cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage and elastic fibers

What is fibrocartilage?

Hyaline cartilage and type I collagen

What is bone composed of?

Type I cartilage, water, hydroxyapatite

What is the endosteum composed of?

Osteoprogenitor cells and CT

What are the most abundant plasma proteins from most to least common?

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

What are the 4 steps of WBC chemotatic behaviors?

Inflammation triggers chemotaxis which consists of margination and diapesesis

What is the most abundant WBC?

Neutrophil

What are type I skeletal muscle fibers?

Slow twitch

What are type II skeletal muscle fibers?

fast twitch

What is the thick filament of a myofibril made of?

Myosin consist of 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains with the head (crossbridge) having ATPase activity

What two junctions are prominent in the intercalated discs?

Maculae adherens and gap junctions

Is the aorta an elastic or muscular artery?

Elastic

Are the glial cells or neurons more abundant?

Glial cells by 10x

What cell maintains the blood-brain barrier?

Astrocytes

What is the endoneurium composed of?

loose vascular tissue

What is the perineurium?

Robust and collagenous capsule

What is the epineurium composed of?

LCCT

What kind of hormones are prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes?

Eicosanoids

Where are c cells found?

Thyroid parafollicular cells (calcitonin releasing)

What disease results from excess ACTH?

Cushing disease

Where is the muscularis mucosa?

Thin band that separates mucosa from submucosa

What is the difference between the serosa and adventitia of the digestive tract?

Serosa is overlying epithelial layer (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, portions of large intestine) Adventitia is outermost layer that adheres to the body wall and consists of a CT layer