Midterm 2 Review Flashcards
What is hyaline cartilage composed of? What are its functions?
Matrix consists of type II collagen fibers, proteoglycans, and hyaluronic acid. Has perichondrium except on articular ends.
Confers shape and flexibility. Cartilage model for endochondral bone formation
What is elastic cartilage composed of and what are its functions and locations?
Matrix consists of hyaline cartilage and elastic fibers. Has a perichondrium.
Functions as stretchy and resilient material.
Found in pinnacle, epiglottis, and auditory tube
What is fibrocartilage made of? What are its functions and locations?
Matrix consists of hyaline cartilage and type I collagen fibers. No perichondrium.
Resists compression and shearing forces.
Found in knee menisci, intervertebral discs, articular discs, pubic symphysis.
What are the 3 parts of a chondron?
Chondrocyte, lacuna, microenvironment in the lacuna
Chondrocytes have abundant _______ & _______ for synthesis of ______.
RER, golgi, proteoglycans
What is the composition of bone extracellular matrix?
Type I collagen/osteoid, water, hydroxyapetite
Where are the osteoprogenitor cells found in highest concentrations?
Inner layer of the periosteum.
What bone layer contains a single layer of osteoprogenitor cells and high concentrations of osteoclasts?
Endosteum
What cells are derived from osteoprogenitor cells?
Osteoblasts which become osteocytes
From what cells are osteoclasts derived?
Monocytes
What is the cell shape of osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
Osteoblasts are cuboidal. Osteoclasts are huge multinucleated cells
What bones form by intramembranous ossification?
Flat bones of face and skull, mandible, clavicle
What cells in the blood regulate pH?
Erythrocytes
Neutrophil
%
Phagocytotic or not
Lifespan
Function
50-75%
Phagocytotic
1-4 days in tissue
First cells to respond to infection. Pus is mostly dead neutrophils
Eosinophil
%
Phagocytotic or not
When is it more abundant
Function
1-6%
Phagocytotic (sprays cytotoxins and neurotoxins)
Diurnal, more in AM
Count increases due to parasite, allergic reaction, and chronic inflammation or asthma. Releases enzymes to combat inflammation
Basophil
%
Phagocytotic or not
Granule contents
Function
<1%
Not Phagocytotic
Granules contain histamine and heparin
Count increases during allergic reaction. Releases vasoactive agents to dilate capillaries, increasing WBC diapedesis
What are the 4 steps to a WBC leaving blood vessels?
INFLAMMATION leads to CHEMOTAXIS (chemicals move/taxi cells around). The wbc undergoes MARGINATION (travels along the edge of the vessel). The cell undergoes DIAPEDESIS.
What is the largest lymphocyte (not WBC)?
NK cells
Where are T cells made and differentiated?
Made in bone marrow, differentiate in thymus
What cells are responsible for cell mediated immunity?
T cells
What do B cells do?
Mature into plasma cells that make antibodies, facilitating humoral immunity
What do monocytes become after diapedesis?
Macrophages that are phagocytic.
Where are the formed elements of blood formed during fetal development?
Yolk sac, then liver and spleen
How do kidneys speed up erythropoiesis?
Secreting erythropoietin
What are myoepithelial cells and where are they found?
Single-cell contractile units found in glands
What do myofibroblasts do?
Contract and squeeze through tissue to het to a site of injury so fibers can be excreted for wound repair
What are pericytes and where are they?
Lines sides of small blood vessels. Contract to shrink vessels and regulate blood flow
What kind of fibers are fast twitch fibers? What color?
Anaerobic type II white fibers
What kind of fibers are slow twitch muscle fibers?
Aerobic type I red fibers
What gives red muscle fibers their color?
Myoglobulin
What does dystrophin do?
Anchors endomysium to muscle cells
Where are Purkinje fibers found in relation to the cardiac layers?
Just below (deep to) the endocardial layer.
Are muscular or elastic arteries bigger?
Elastic, they are the arteries leaving the heart
What kind of vessel has few smooth muscle layers and a minimal internal elastic lamina?
Arteriole
What kind of blood vessels only have tunica intima?
Capillaries
