Lecture Final (1-7) Flashcards
1
Q
organizational hierarchy of life
A
atom –> molecule –> macromolecule –> organelle –> cell –> tissue –> organ –> organ system –> organism
2
Q
what kind of process of the hierarchy of life?
A
additive process
3
Q
what is anatomy?
A
the study of form
4
Q
the observation of structure (to tease apart)
A
dissection
5
Q
observed with the naked eye
A
gross anatomy
6
Q
observed with a microscope
A
histology
7
Q
feeling with finger
A
palpitation
8
Q
listening to natural sounds
A
auscultation
9
Q
tapping and listening
A
percussion
10
Q
x-rays and ct scans
A
imaging
11
Q
what are the different forms of anatomy?
A
morphological and anatomical
12
Q
what percent of us have anatomical variations?
A
30%
13
Q
normal anatomy
A
situs solitus
14
Q
right and left flipped (1:8000)
A
situs inversus
15
Q
heart is reversed
A
dextrocardia
16
Q
an organ out of place
A
situs perversus
17
Q
examples of anatomical variations
A
missing a vertebrae extra vertebrae no palmaris longus coxal vertebrae spleen anomalies
18
Q
words for large, larger, and largest
A
magnus, major, and maximus
19
Q
provide all the machinery to synthesize ATP and proteins; root of all cellular processes
A
cytoplasmic components
20
Q
provide ability for cell respond; contains embedded proteins; root of all physiological processes
A
membrane components
21
Q
theory that membrane components are complex and constantly migrating
A
fluid mosaic bilayer
22
Q
heads
A
hydrophilic
23
Q
tails
A
hydrophobic
24
Q
anything that will bind to a chemical messenger such as hormones; one for every protein
A
receptor
25
break down chemical messengers and terminates its affect; always ends in -ase
enzyme
26
constantly open
channel
27
opens and closes with stimuli EX: sodium channel
gated channel
28
important for immune system; distinguishes what cells are ours; a glycoprotein
cell-identity marker
29
keeps cells bound to each other in a tissue; important in heart
cell-adhesion molecule (CAM)
30
increase surface area; best developed in cells specialized for absorption EX: small intestine
microvilli
31
hairlike projections of the membrane; nearly all cells have these to monitor cell conditions
non-motile cilia
32
hairlike projections of the membrane; propel materials in the body
motile cilia
33
cytoplasmic extensions from the membrane; amoebas move with them; neutrophils crawl with them; macrophages shoot them out
pseudopods
34
name all three membrane extensions
microvilli, cilia, and pseudopods
35
types of cellular junctions
tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions
36
so close together, nothing can pass by EX: pathogens
tight junction
37
nutrients, hormones, and pathogens can pass through; EX: blood brain barrier separate heat and brain
desmosome
38
intercellular communication; exchange information and cellular products EX: intercalated disks
gap junctions
39
maintain contact with surface via a duct; secrete into membranes EX: sweat glands
exocrine glands
40
no ducts; lose contact with surface; secrete into blood EX: thyroid
endocrine
41
secretory cells found in epithelium EX: goblet cells
unicellular
42
end of long bone; spongy and compact
epiphysis
43
shaft of long bone; compact
diaphysis
44
long bones make up the...
appendicular skeleton
45
light type of bone that helps bear weight
spongy bone
46
center of the diaphysis
marrow cavity
47
nerves and vessels run through this type of bone
articular cartilage
48
spongy bone "sandwiches" that absorb trauma EX: cranium bones
flat bones
49
smooth surface for bone-to-bone EX: facets, condyles, and heads
articulation sites
50
rough surface for increased attachment EX: trochanter(femur), tubercle(humerus), epicondyles, and tuberositys
attachment zones for tendons and ligaments
51
number of cervical vertebrae
7
52
number of thoracic vertebrae
12
53
number of lumbar vertebrae
5
54
first vertebra; used to look up and down
atlas
55
second vertebra; allows rotation
axis
56
in nearly every bone of a child
red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)
57
where else is red bone marrow found?
skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvic girdle and head of humerus and femur in adults
58
tissue that produces blood
hematopoietic tissue
59
marrow found only in adults; fatty tissue storage
yellow bone marrow
60
bone forming cells
osteoblasts
61
trapped osteoblasts
osteocytes
62
bone dissolving cells found on bone surface; large with 3-4 nuclei (up to 50)
osteoclasts
63
hormone that decreases amount of calcium in the body; parathyroid hormone antagonist
calcitonin
64
when calcitonin is secreted:
reduced osteoclast activity; increased osteoblast activity
65
what type of feedback system is blood calcium levels an example of?
negative feedback system
66
no movement; gap between two bones ossifies EX: frontal bone
bony joints
67
4 types of joints
bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
68
largely immovable; joined by fibrous connective tissue EX: sutures
fibrous joints
69
bones linked by fibrocartilage EX: pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joints
70
linked by joint cavity EX: hip socket
synovial joints
71
connects muscle to bone
tendons
72
attaches bone to bone
ligaments
73
a fibrous sac filed with synovial fluid
bursa
74
functions of bursa
* cushions muscle
* helps tendons slide over joints
* modifies direction of tendon pull
75
why is an S-shaped spine important to hominids?
allows for humans to stand straight up
76
chimp anatomical characteristics
* ilium is posterior
* neck is right in alignment
* straight spine
77
human anatomical characteristics
* ilium is lateral
* neck is vertical
* S spine
78
why was bipedalism advantageous?
allows for fruit gathering, can run without organs smashing into diaphragm, prevent sun on back
79
general functions of muscle
* movement
* stability
* control body openings and passages
* heat production
80
thick in the middle w tapered ends EX: biceps brachii
fusiform
81
uniform width with parallel fascicles EX: rectus abdominis
parallel
82
fan shaped EX: pectorals major
triangular
83
feather shaped EX: rectus femoris
pennate
84
forms rings; sphincters EX: anus
circular
85
what are the major contractile proteins?
actin and myosin
86
thin filaments
actin
87
thick filaments
myosin
88
what are the two major divisions of the nervous system?
CNS and PNS
89
what portion of the nervous system does ganglion appear in
ganglion appear in the PNS
90
what portion of a neuron receives impulses?
dendrites
91
what portion of a neuron send impulses
axon
92
what does myelin do?
insulates protein
93
which cells produce myelin?
oligodendrocytes and schwann cells produce myelin
94
what structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain?
corpus callosum
95
what are the portions of the brainstem?
diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
96
form myelin sheath in the CNS
oligodendrocytes
97
line internal cavities of the brain and secretes and circulates CSF
ependymal cells
98
small, wandering macrophages
microglia
99
have perivascular feet that contact blood capillaries
astrocytes
100
produce a myelin sheath similar to the ones produced by oligodendrocytes
schwann cells
101
surround the neurosmars in the ganglia of the PNS
satellite cells
102
what is the infundibulum?
is the funnel in which hair follicles grow. it connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
103
what is the function of the pituitary gland?
it controls hormone processes
104
what is the function of the hypothalamus?
controls sexual desires, thirst, and temperature regulation
105
what area of the brain would you have abnormalities in if you could not follow a moving tennis ball?
cerebellum
106
what is the function of the cerebellum?
vital processes, brain neuron storage, monitors motor control
107
what structure connects the two halves of the cerebellum
vermis
108
what are the three cerebellar peduncles?
inferior, middle and superior
109
what is the function of the inferior peduncle?
in the medulla oblongata; motor and sensory function, hearing, taste, temp, speech, cough
110
what is the function of the middle peduncle?
in the pons; sleep cycle, respiration, posture
111
what is the function of the superior peduncle?
in the midbrain; plays a role in visual and auditory stimulation
112
which part if the brainstem would be damaged if you could not stop coughing?
the medulla oblongata
