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Human Anatomy > Lecture Final (1-7) > Flashcards

Lecture Final (1-7) Flashcards

1
Q

organizational hierarchy of life

A

atom –> molecule –> macromolecule –> organelle –> cell –> tissue –> organ –> organ system –> organism

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2
Q

what kind of process of the hierarchy of life?

A

additive process

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3
Q

what is anatomy?

A

the study of form

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4
Q

the observation of structure (to tease apart)

A

dissection

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5
Q

observed with the naked eye

A

gross anatomy

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6
Q

observed with a microscope

A

histology

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7
Q

feeling with finger

A

palpitation

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8
Q

listening to natural sounds

A

auscultation

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9
Q

tapping and listening

A

percussion

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10
Q

x-rays and ct scans

A

imaging

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11
Q

what are the different forms of anatomy?

A

morphological and anatomical

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12
Q

what percent of us have anatomical variations?

A

30%

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13
Q

normal anatomy

A

situs solitus

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14
Q

right and left flipped (1:8000)

A

situs inversus

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15
Q

heart is reversed

A

dextrocardia

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16
Q

an organ out of place

A

situs perversus

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17
Q

examples of anatomical variations

A 
missing a vertebrae
extra vertebrae
no palmaris longus
coxal vertebrae
spleen anomalies
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18
Q

words for large, larger, and largest

A

magnus, major, and maximus

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19
Q

provide all the machinery to synthesize ATP and proteins; root of all cellular processes

A

cytoplasmic components

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20
Q

provide ability for cell respond; contains embedded proteins; root of all physiological processes

A

membrane components

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21
Q

theory that membrane components are complex and constantly migrating

A

fluid mosaic bilayer

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22
Q

heads

A

hydrophilic

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23
Q

tails

A

hydrophobic

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24
Q

anything that will bind to a chemical messenger such as hormones; one for every protein

A

receptor

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25
Q

break down chemical messengers and terminates its affect; always ends in -ase

A

enzyme

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26
Q

constantly open

A

channel

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27
Q

opens and closes with stimuli EX: sodium channel

A

gated channel

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28
Q

important for immune system; distinguishes what cells are ours; a glycoprotein

A

cell-identity marker

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29
Q

keeps cells bound to each other in a tissue; important in heart

A

cell-adhesion molecule (CAM)

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30
Q

increase surface area; best developed in cells specialized for absorption EX: small intestine

A

microvilli

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31
Q

hairlike projections of the membrane; nearly all cells have these to monitor cell conditions

A

non-motile cilia

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32
Q

hairlike projections of the membrane; propel materials in the body

A

motile cilia

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33
Q

cytoplasmic extensions from the membrane; amoebas move with them; neutrophils crawl with them; macrophages shoot them out

A

pseudopods

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34
Q

name all three membrane extensions

A

microvilli, cilia, and pseudopods

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35
Q

types of cellular junctions

A

tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

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36
Q

so close together, nothing can pass by EX: pathogens

A

tight junction

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37
Q

nutrients, hormones, and pathogens can pass through; EX: blood brain barrier separate heat and brain

A

desmosome

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38
Q

intercellular communication; exchange information and cellular products EX: intercalated disks

A

gap junctions

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39
Q

maintain contact with surface via a duct; secrete into membranes EX: sweat glands

A

exocrine glands

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40
Q

no ducts; lose contact with surface; secrete into blood EX: thyroid

A

endocrine

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41
Q

secretory cells found in epithelium EX: goblet cells

A

unicellular

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42
Q

end of long bone; spongy and compact

A

epiphysis

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43
Q

shaft of long bone; compact

A

diaphysis

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44
Q

long bones make up the…

A

appendicular skeleton

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45
Q

light type of bone that helps bear weight

A

spongy bone

46
Q

center of the diaphysis

A

marrow cavity

47
Q

nerves and vessels run through this type of bone

A

articular cartilage

48
Q

spongy bone “sandwiches” that absorb trauma EX: cranium bones

A

flat bones

49
Q

smooth surface for bone-to-bone EX: facets, condyles, and heads

A

articulation sites

50
Q

rough surface for increased attachment EX: trochanter(femur), tubercle(humerus), epicondyles, and tuberositys

A

attachment zones for tendons and ligaments

51
Q

number of cervical vertebrae

A

7

52
Q

number of thoracic vertebrae

A

12

53
Q

number of lumbar vertebrae

A

5

54
Q

first vertebra; used to look up and down

A

atlas

55
Q

second vertebra; allows rotation

A

axis

56
Q

in nearly every bone of a child

A

red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)

57
Q

where else is red bone marrow found?

A

skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvic girdle and head of humerus and femur in adults

58
Q

tissue that produces blood

A

hematopoietic tissue

59
Q

marrow found only in adults; fatty tissue storage

A

yellow bone marrow

60
Q

bone forming cells

A

osteoblasts

61
Q

trapped osteoblasts

A

osteocytes

62
Q

bone dissolving cells found on bone surface; large with 3-4 nuclei (up to 50)

A

osteoclasts

63
Q

hormone that decreases amount of calcium in the body; parathyroid hormone antagonist

A

calcitonin

64
Q

when calcitonin is secreted:

A

reduced osteoclast activity; increased osteoblast activity

65
Q

what type of feedback system is blood calcium levels an example of?

A

negative feedback system

66
Q

no movement; gap between two bones ossifies EX: frontal bone

A

bony joints

67
Q

4 types of joints

A

bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

68
Q

largely immovable; joined by fibrous connective tissue EX: sutures

A

fibrous joints

69
Q

bones linked by fibrocartilage EX: pubic symphysis

A

cartilaginous joints

70
Q

linked by joint cavity EX: hip socket

A

synovial joints

71
Q

connects muscle to bone

A

tendons

72
Q

attaches bone to bone

A

ligaments

73
Q

a fibrous sac filed with synovial fluid

A

bursa

74
Q

functions of bursa

A
  • cushions muscle
  • helps tendons slide over joints
  • modifies direction of tendon pull
75
Q

why is an S-shaped spine important to hominids?

A

allows for humans to stand straight up

76
Q

chimp anatomical characteristics

A
  • ilium is posterior
  • neck is right in alignment
  • straight spine
77
Q

human anatomical characteristics

A
  • ilium is lateral
  • neck is vertical
  • S spine
78
Q

why was bipedalism advantageous?

A

allows for fruit gathering, can run without organs smashing into diaphragm, prevent sun on back

79
Q

general functions of muscle

A
  • movement
  • stability
  • control body openings and passages
  • heat production
80
Q

thick in the middle w tapered ends EX: biceps brachii

A

fusiform

81
Q

uniform width with parallel fascicles EX: rectus abdominis

A

parallel

82
Q

fan shaped EX: pectorals major

A

triangular

83
Q

feather shaped EX: rectus femoris

A

pennate

84
Q

forms rings; sphincters EX: anus

A

circular

85
Q

what are the major contractile proteins?

A

actin and myosin

86
Q

thin filaments

A

actin

87
Q

thick filaments

A

myosin

88
Q

what are the two major divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS and PNS

89
Q

what portion of the nervous system does ganglion appear in

A

ganglion appear in the PNS

90
Q

what portion of a neuron receives impulses?

A

dendrites

91
Q

what portion of a neuron send impulses

A

axon

92
Q

what does myelin do?

A

insulates protein

93
Q

which cells produce myelin?

A

oligodendrocytes and schwann cells produce myelin

94
Q

what structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

A

corpus callosum

95
Q

what are the portions of the brainstem?

A

diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

96
Q

form myelin sheath in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes

97
Q

line internal cavities of the brain and secretes and circulates CSF

A

ependymal cells

98
Q

small, wandering macrophages

A

microglia

99
Q

have perivascular feet that contact blood capillaries

A

astrocytes

100
Q

produce a myelin sheath similar to the ones produced by oligodendrocytes

A

schwann cells

101
Q

surround the neurosmars in the ganglia of the PNS

A

satellite cells

102
Q

what is the infundibulum?

A

is the funnel in which hair follicles grow. it connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

103
Q

what is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

it controls hormone processes

104
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

controls sexual desires, thirst, and temperature regulation

105
Q

what area of the brain would you have abnormalities in if you could not follow a moving tennis ball?

A

cerebellum

106
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

vital processes, brain neuron storage, monitors motor control

107
Q

what structure connects the two halves of the cerebellum

A

vermis

108
Q

what are the three cerebellar peduncles?

A

inferior, middle and superior

109
Q

what is the function of the inferior peduncle?

A

in the medulla oblongata; motor and sensory function, hearing, taste, temp, speech, cough

110
Q

what is the function of the middle peduncle?

A

in the pons; sleep cycle, respiration, posture

111
Q

what is the function of the superior peduncle?

A

in the midbrain; plays a role in visual and auditory stimulation

112
Q

which part if the brainstem would be damaged if you could not stop coughing?

A

the medulla oblongata

Human Anatomy (10 decks)

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