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Introductory Microbiology (BIOL 2117) > Lecture Exam 4 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does Penicillin come from?

A

Fungi mold

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2
Q

Antibiotic

A

A chemical agent that kills/inhibits bacterial growth.

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3
Q

Who discovered Penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

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4
Q

Chemotherapeutic Index

A

Maximum dose tolerated by patient / Minimum dose that cures

  • Finds the dose of antibiotic that will target the pathogen and not harm the host.

⇈ Index : Targets pathogen (Safe)
⇊ Index : Can potentially kill patient (More dangerous)

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5
Q

Selective Toxicity

A

Selective toxicity refers to the ability of the drug to targets sites that are relative specific to the microorganism responsible for infection.

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6
Q

Broad Spectrum Antibiotic

A

Kills a large variety of microbes

- Affects many gram positive and negative bacteria

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7
Q

Narrow Spectrum Antibiotic

A

Kills a very specific microbe

- Either gram positive or gram negative

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8
Q

When are broad spectrum antibiotics prescribed?

A

When an illness cannot be identified.

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9
Q

Bacteriocidal

A

Kills bacteria

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10
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Inhibits the growth of bacteria

- Cell wall or other

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11
Q

Modes of Administration

A

Oral - Through the mouth, mmm yummy yummy
• Ex: Pills, cough syrup, etc.
Topical - Applied directly on the skin
• Ex: Neosporin
Parenteral - Injection
• Ex: Vaccines, morphine drip

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12
Q

Antibiotic Modes of Action

A 
⓵ Inhibiting cell wall synthesis
⓶ Disruption of cell membrane
⓷ Disruption of translation at ribosome
⓸ Interference with metabolism
⓹ Inhibiting DNA/RNA production
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13
Q

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

A 
Beta-lactams: (FUNGAL)
     - Destroy NAG/NAM chains and protein cross-links.
  Disadvantages: Allergies, Bacterial resistance
-------------------
• Penicillin
• Synthetic penicillin
• Cephalosporins
• Carbapenems
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14
Q

What is a solution to combat Penicillin resistant bacteria?

A

Synthetic versions - Side chains are added to decrease enzyme degradation. (Broader spectrum)
- Serves as a “distraction”, bacteria attack additional chains rather than the drug itself.

RISK: Can destroy natural flora

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15
Q

Beta-Lactam Resistant Bacteria

A

Beta-lactamase (penicillinase) - An enzyme created by bacteria that destroys beta-lactam rings. Drug becomes ineffective.

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16
Q

Why are extreme broad spectrum antibiotics dangerous?

A

These antibiotics can destroy normal flora.

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17
Q

Clavulanic Acid

A

Chemical group in synthetic penicillin.
- Occupies penicillinase so the beta-lactam ring can work without being destroyed.

Disadvantage: Creation of resistant bacteria

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18
Q

Synthetic / Semi-synthetic Penicillin

A

Risk: Broader spectrum, create bacterial resistance

- Can be taken orally

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19
Q

What are Ethambutol and Isoniazid known to cure?

A

They are often used in combination to cure Tuberculosis.

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20
Q

What antibiotic is used to cure Legionnaire’s disease and atypical pneumonia?

A

Erythromycin (Macrolides)

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21
Q

Anti-viral Modes of Action

A 
⓵ Block viral uncoating
⓶ Inhibit reverse transcriptase
⓷ Protease inhibitors
⓸ Cause mutations in DNA and RNA (Nucleoside 
     analogs)
⓹ Inhibiting DNA/RNA production
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22
Q

Nucleoside Analogs

A

A fake nitrogenous base

- Drug that mimics a base in DNA/RNA

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23
Q

What is an Upper Respiratory Infection?

A

An acute URI is a contagious infection of your upper respiratory tract. Your upper respiratory tract includes the nose, throat, pharynx, larynx, and bronchi.

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24
Q

Viral Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract

A 
Common cold
    - Caused by:
           Rhinoviruses (50%) 
           Coronaviruses (20%)
           Adenoviruses
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25
The Common Cold (URI)
``` (VIRAL) Signs/Symptoms: ﹥Scratchy throat, runny nose Incubation period: ﹥1-2 days (Caused by a single virus) Transmission: ﹥Droplets, fomites Treatment: ﹥Cough suppressants, and antihistamines (There isn't really a cure lol) ```
26
Rhinovirus (URI)
Virus responsible for the majority of Viral URT infections. ---------------- - Binds specifically to cells in the nasal cavity - Triggers an inflammatory response, mucus and sneezing. - Reproduce at 33°C
27
Adenoviral pharyngitis (URI)
``` (VIRAL) Signs/Symptoms: ﹥Common cold, fever Incubation period: ﹥5-10 days Transmission: ﹥Droplets, fomites Treatment: ﹥Cough suppressants, and antihistamines (There isn't really a cure lol) ```
28
``` Streptococcal pharyngitis (URI) (Strep throat: S.pyogenes) ```
``` (BACTERIAL) Signs/Symptoms: ﹥Sore throat, fever, malaise (fatigue), pus production Pathogen: ﹥Beta Hemolytic, has the ability to lyse blood cells. - S. pyogenes Incubation period: ﹥2-5 days Transmission: ﹥Droplets, fomites Treatment: ﹥10 days penicillin, erythromycin ```
29
S. pyogenes Virulence Factors
C5 Peptidase: - Enzyme that breaks down C5a compliment M Protein: - Allows bacteria to attach to host cells and escape phagocytosis Streptolysin (Hemolysin): - Allows it to lyse RBCs Streptokinases: - An enzyme created to destroy blood clots and spread through damaged tissues. Hyaluronic acid capsule: - Mimics your cells to avoid being destroyed
30
What is C5a?
A component that helps attract WBCs to a site to enhance phagocytosis of an infection.
31
Upper respiratory infections (UTIs)
- Pharyngitis - Rhinitis - Sinusitis - Epiglottitis
32
What kind of virus survives on fomites?
Naked viruses
33
What does it mean for a bacteria to be beta-hemolytic?
Beta-hemolytic bacteria can lyse RBCs
34
Where did pus get it's name?
Pyogenes = Pyogenic = Pus producing
35
S. pyogenes Infection Complications
- Rheumatic fever - Scarlet fever - Acute Glomerulonephritis - Sydenham's Chorea
36
Rheumatic Fever (S. pyogenes complication)
Occurs when the body produces antibodies to combat a S. pyogenes infection. - Antibodies may cross react with muscle fibers, causing the heart valves to swell. - Blood leakage, valves unable to shut.
37
Scarlet Fever
Pathogen: - Only caused by S. pyogenes strains that produce Erythrogenic Toxins Transmission: - Droplets/direct contact, occurs after initial Strep Signs/Symptoms: - Rash, high fever, strawberry tongue (It's super red) Treatment: - 10d of penicillin/erythromycin
38
Acute Glomerulonephritis
Accumulation of S. pyogenes antibodies in the kidneys, leads to inflammation. - Sequela
39
Sydenham's Chorea
Antibodies produced to combat S. pyogenes has the potential to attack the basal nuclei in the brain. - Causes dysfunction, uncontrollable jerks - Goes away in a few months
40
What is the importance of the basal nuclei?
It controls the coordination of muscle movements
41
Epiglottitis (URI)
Signs/Symptoms: - High fever, trouble swallowing (Extreme swelling in the epiglottis) Cause: - Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib). Transmission: - Droplets Treatment: - Immunization, ampicillin, 3rd gen cephalosporin,
42
HIB Vaccine
Protects against epiglottis and meningitis in children
43
Otitis Media (URI)
Infection of the middle ear - Commonly affects children because they are smaller. Smaller ear canals allow for easy blockage. Cause: - Streptococcus pneumonia (+), alpha hemolytic Treatment: - Modified penicillin, amoxicillin
44
Diphtheria (URI)
Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria (+ pleomorphic rods) Signs/Symptoms: - Sore throat, fever, pseudomembranes, paralysis. - Kills cells at the back of the throat lead to inflammation and create a psuedomembrane Incubation - (2-4 days) Grow by snapping division and in Chinese lettering patterns Transmission: - Spread through droplets, direct contact Treatment: - DTP Vaccine, antitoxin, erythro/penicillin
45
Pseudomembrane
The hardening of dead cells caused by diphtheria, blocks airways.
46
What does diphtheria mean?
It means leather in Greek | - Consistency of leather
47
What happens if diphtheria gets into the blood?
Can cause death, paralysis. | Spreads to the brain, and heart.
48
DTP Vaccine
Used for Diphtheria | - TOXOID: Inactive version of the bacteria.
49
What is an antitoxin?
Antibodies against the toxin. | - Surround and neutralize toxins
50
``` Whooping Cough (LRI) (Bordetella Pertussis) ```
``` Obligate Aerobe, Gram (-) coccobacillus. Signs/Symptoms: - Runny nose, violent coughing, convulsions Transmission: - Droplet/direct contact Incubation: - 1-3 weeks Treatment: - Erythromycin (early treatment), and DTaP Vaccine Affects the Trachea!! ```
51
Pertussis Virulence
Capsule is present in most strains - Pertussis Toxin - Tracheal cytotoxin
52
Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
Lines the Respiratory Tract. - Forms mucouciliary escalator (Production of mucous), cilia moves mucous up and out to avoid further infection.
53
Pertussis Toxin
Attaches to epithelial cells. Creates mass amounts of mucous
54
Tracheal Cytotoxin
Toxin paralyzes and kills cilia, no way to push mucous out of the epithelium - Violent cough (wheezing)
55
Pertussis progression
1) Incubation: 1-3 weeks 2) Catarrhal: prodromal phase, mild symptoms that last for a while 3) Paroxysmal: Violent coughing, lasts 6 weeks. 4) Convalescence
56
Tuberculosis (LRI) | Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Obligate aerobe, acid fast Incubation/Generation time: - 12-24 hrs (Long gen time), 3 month incubation - Resistant to drying/disinfectants Signs/Symptoms: - Night sweats, fever, weight loss, cough Transmission: - Droplets Treatment: - Isoniazid + Rifampin + Streptomycin + Ethambutol for 2 months - BCG Vaccination
57
Tubercle
Big ball of macrophages - Used to prevent bacteria from spreading to the rest of the lungs. - Collagen fibers help seal off the infection by building up around it
58
Primary Tuberculosis
Inapparent infection - No symptoms and not contagious IF their immune system is weak --> Secondary tuberculosis
59
Secondary Tuberculosis
Very contagious - Bacteria is reactivated, Bacteria gains access to blood
60
Disseminated Miliary Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis that can potentially spread to other organs in the body
61
Anthrax
3 forms: Inhalation, skin, and GI form NOT CONTAGIOUS Endospores: 8k-50,000k (infective dose) Signs/Symptoms: - Initial cold/flu. Eventual violent coughing, nausea, vomiting, death, fainting, shock Treatment: - Aggressive treatment with drugs, draining of lungs, most people who are affected die. Vaccine: - Given to military because Anthrax is considered as a potential bio-weapon - Given to animal handlers
62
Which form of anthrax is the deadliest? | Most contagious?
1) Inhalation | 2) Cutaneous (skin)
63
What is Woolsorter's Disease?
Inhalation Anthrax. - Named because endospores could attach to sheep hide, wool, and dust
64
Where do anthrax endospores germinate?
In the lungs
65
What does the anthrax toxin do?
The anthrax toxin kills and causes edema
66
Pneumococcal Pneumonia - Adult pneumonia | Streptococcus Pneumoniae
83 different types Capsule controls virulence factor (+ causes disease) Signs/Symptoms: - Cough, fever, chills, Rust colored Sputum Transmission: - Droplet Incubation: - 1-3 days Pathogenesis: - Fill lungs with fluid and destroy cells. Treatment: - Penicillin, 3rd gen ceph, erythromycin, chloramphenicol - Pneumovax Vaccine: given to elderly and nurses
67
Which bacteria is responsible for causing Lobar Pneumonia?
Streptococcus Pneumonia | Pneumococcal
68
What antibiotic is best suited for curing pneumonia?
Erythromycin
69
Klebsiella Pneumoniae | Hemorrhagic
``` Signs/Symptoms: - Cough, fever, bloody sputum, Transmission: - Droplets Treatment: - Cephalosporin + Aminoglycoside ```
70
What is the most common type of pneumonia?
Klebsiella Pneumoniae
71
Why is Klebsiella Pneumoniae considered Hemorrhagic?
When a person is infected, this causes lots of bleeding in the lungs. Destroys alveoli
72
Walking pneumonia | Mycoplasma pneumoniae
``` Signs/symptoms: - cough, malaise, eventual fever Incubation: - 2-3 weeks Transmission: - Droplet Treatment: - Erythromycin ```
73
Chlamydial Pneumonia
``` A type of pneumonia Resembles mycobacterial pneumonia - Transmitted through the respiratory route Treatment: - Erythromycin ```
74
Legionnaire's Disease
``` A type of pneumonia - Caused by legionella - high fever, cough, and death - Transmitted through air conditioning, spas, humidifiers, and water fountains Incubation - 2-10 days Treatment: - Erythromycin ```
75
Influenza (LRI)
``` Enveloped virus containing spike proteins: - H spike, N spike Incubation time: - 1-3 days Signs/Symptoms: - Cough, sudden fever, pharyngitis Treatment: - Amantadine + Tamiflu ```
76
Hemagglutinin spike
Antigenic, attach to target cells
77
Neuraminidase spike
Weakly antigenic, liberation from host cell
78
Antigenic Drift
A slight change in a strain of virus
79
Antigenic Shift
When 2 flu viruses infect the same cell, creating a completely new virus.

Introductory Microbiology (BIOL 2117) (8 decks)

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