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Introductory Microbiology (BIOL 2117) > Lecture Exam 4 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does Penicillin come from?

A

Fungi mold

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2
Q

Antibiotic

A

A chemical agent that kills/inhibits bacterial growth.

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3
Q

Who discovered Penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

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4
Q

Chemotherapeutic Index

A

Maximum dose tolerated by patient / Minimum dose that cures

  • Finds the dose of antibiotic that will target the pathogen and not harm the host.

⇈ Index : Targets pathogen (Safe)
⇊ Index : Can potentially kill patient (More dangerous)

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5
Q

Selective Toxicity

A

Selective toxicity refers to the ability of the drug to targets sites that are relative specific to the microorganism responsible for infection.

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6
Q

Broad Spectrum Antibiotic

A

Kills a large variety of microbes

- Affects many gram positive and negative bacteria

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7
Q

Narrow Spectrum Antibiotic

A

Kills a very specific microbe

- Either gram positive or gram negative

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8
Q

When are broad spectrum antibiotics prescribed?

A

When an illness cannot be identified.

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9
Q

Bacteriocidal

A

Kills bacteria

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10
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Inhibits the growth of bacteria

- Cell wall or other

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11
Q

Modes of Administration

A

Oral - Through the mouth, mmm yummy yummy
• Ex: Pills, cough syrup, etc.
Topical - Applied directly on the skin
• Ex: Neosporin
Parenteral - Injection
• Ex: Vaccines, morphine drip

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12
Q

Antibiotic Modes of Action

A 
⓵ Inhibiting cell wall synthesis
⓶ Disruption of cell membrane
⓷ Disruption of translation at ribosome
⓸ Interference with metabolism
⓹ Inhibiting DNA/RNA production
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13
Q

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

A 
Beta-lactams: (FUNGAL)
     - Destroy NAG/NAM chains and protein cross-links.
  Disadvantages: Allergies, Bacterial resistance
-------------------
• Penicillin
• Synthetic penicillin
• Cephalosporins
• Carbapenems
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14
Q

What is a solution to combat Penicillin resistant bacteria?

A

Synthetic versions - Side chains are added to decrease enzyme degradation. (Broader spectrum)
- Serves as a “distraction”, bacteria attack additional chains rather than the drug itself.

RISK: Can destroy natural flora

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15
Q

Beta-Lactam Resistant Bacteria

A

Beta-lactamase (penicillinase) - An enzyme created by bacteria that destroys beta-lactam rings. Drug becomes ineffective.

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16
Q

Why are extreme broad spectrum antibiotics dangerous?

A

These antibiotics can destroy normal flora.

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17
Q

Clavulanic Acid

A

Chemical group in synthetic penicillin.
- Occupies penicillinase so the beta-lactam ring can work without being destroyed.

Disadvantage: Creation of resistant bacteria

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18
Q

Synthetic / Semi-synthetic Penicillin

A

Risk: Broader spectrum, create bacterial resistance

- Can be taken orally

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19
Q

What are Ethambutol and Isoniazid known to cure?

A

They are often used in combination to cure Tuberculosis.

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20
Q

What antibiotic is used to cure Legionnaire’s disease and atypical pneumonia?

A

Erythromycin (Macrolides)

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21
Q

Anti-viral Modes of Action

A 
⓵ Block viral uncoating
⓶ Inhibit reverse transcriptase
⓷ Protease inhibitors
⓸ Cause mutations in DNA and RNA (Nucleoside 
     analogs)
⓹ Inhibiting DNA/RNA production
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22
Q

Nucleoside Analogs

A

A fake nitrogenous base

- Drug that mimics a base in DNA/RNA

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23
Q

What is an Upper Respiratory Infection?

A

An acute URI is a contagious infection of your upper respiratory tract. Your upper respiratory tract includes the nose, throat, pharynx, larynx, and bronchi.

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24
Q

Viral Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract

A 
Common cold
    - Caused by:
           Rhinoviruses (50%) 
           Coronaviruses (20%)
           Adenoviruses
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25
Q

The Common Cold (URI)

A 
(VIRAL)
Signs/Symptoms:
    ﹥Scratchy throat, runny nose
Incubation period:
    ﹥1-2 days (Caused by a single virus)
Transmission:
    ﹥Droplets, fomites
Treatment:
    ﹥Cough suppressants, and antihistamines (There 
        isn't really a cure lol)
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26
Q

Rhinovirus (URI)

A

  • Binds specifically to cells in the nasal cavity
    - Triggers an inflammatory response, mucus and
    sneezing.
  • Reproduce at 33°C
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27
Q

Adenoviral pharyngitis (URI)

A 
(VIRAL)
Signs/Symptoms:
    ﹥Common cold, fever
Incubation period:
    ﹥5-10 days 
Transmission:
    ﹥Droplets, fomites
Treatment:
    ﹥Cough suppressants, and antihistamines (There 
        isn't really a cure lol)
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28
Q 
Streptococcal pharyngitis (URI)
(Strep throat: S.pyogenes)
A 
(BACTERIAL)
Signs/Symptoms:
    ﹥Sore throat, fever, malaise (fatigue), pus 
        production
Pathogen:
    ﹥Beta Hemolytic, has the ability to lyse blood cells.
           - S. pyogenes
Incubation period:
    ﹥2-5 days 
Transmission:
    ﹥Droplets, fomites
Treatment:
    ﹥10 days penicillin, erythromycin
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29
Q

S. pyogenes Virulence Factors

A

C5 Peptidase:
- Enzyme that breaks down C5a compliment
M Protein:
- Allows bacteria to attach to host cells and
escape phagocytosis
Streptolysin (Hemolysin):
- Allows it to lyse RBCs
Streptokinases:
- An enzyme created to destroy blood clots and
spread through damaged tissues.
Hyaluronic acid capsule:
- Mimics your cells to avoid being destroyed

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30
Q

What is C5a?

A

A component that helps attract WBCs to a site to enhance phagocytosis of an infection.

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31
Q

Upper respiratory infections (UTIs)

A
  • Pharyngitis
  • Rhinitis
  • Sinusitis
  • Epiglottitis
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32
Q

What kind of virus survives on fomites?

A

Naked viruses

33
Q

What does it mean for a bacteria to be beta-hemolytic?

A

Beta-hemolytic bacteria can lyse RBCs

34
Q

Where did pus get it’s name?

A

Pyogenes = Pyogenic = Pus producing

35
Q

S. pyogenes Infection Complications

A
  • Rheumatic fever
  • Scarlet fever
  • Acute Glomerulonephritis
  • Sydenham’s Chorea
36
Q

Rheumatic Fever (S. pyogenes complication)

A

Occurs when the body produces antibodies to combat a S. pyogenes infection.

  • Antibodies may cross react with muscle fibers, causing the heart valves to swell.
    - Blood leakage, valves unable to shut.
37
Q

Scarlet Fever

A

Pathogen:
- Only caused by S. pyogenes strains that produce
Erythrogenic Toxins
Transmission:
- Droplets/direct contact, occurs after initial Strep
Signs/Symptoms:
- Rash, high fever, strawberry tongue (It’s super
red)
Treatment:
- 10d of penicillin/erythromycin

38
Q

Acute Glomerulonephritis

A

Accumulation of S. pyogenes antibodies in the kidneys, leads to inflammation.
- Sequela

39
Q

Sydenham’s Chorea

A

Antibodies produced to combat S. pyogenes has the potential to attack the basal nuclei in the brain.

  • Causes dysfunction, uncontrollable jerks
  • Goes away in a few months
40
Q

What is the importance of the basal nuclei?

A

It controls the coordination of muscle movements

41
Q

Epiglottitis (URI)

A

Signs/Symptoms:
- High fever, trouble swallowing (Extreme
swelling in the epiglottis)
Cause:
- Haemophilus influenza type b (Hib).
Transmission:
- Droplets
Treatment:
- Immunization, ampicillin, 3rd gen cephalosporin,

42
Q

HIB Vaccine

A

Protects against epiglottis and meningitis in children

43
Q

Otitis Media (URI)

A

Infection of the middle ear
- Commonly affects children because they are
smaller.
Smaller ear canals allow for easy blockage.
Cause:
- Streptococcus pneumonia (+), alpha hemolytic
Treatment:
- Modified penicillin, amoxicillin

44
Q

Diphtheria (URI)

A

Caused by Corynebacterium diphtheria
(+ pleomorphic rods)
Signs/Symptoms:
- Sore throat, fever, pseudomembranes, paralysis.
- Kills cells at the back of the throat lead to
inflammation and create a psuedomembrane
Incubation
- (2-4 days) Grow by snapping division and in
Chinese lettering patterns
Transmission:
- Spread through droplets, direct contact
Treatment:
- DTP Vaccine, antitoxin, erythro/penicillin

45
Q

Pseudomembrane

A

The hardening of dead cells caused by diphtheria, blocks airways.

46
Q

What does diphtheria mean?

A

It means leather in Greek

- Consistency of leather

47
Q

What happens if diphtheria gets into the blood?

A

Can cause death, paralysis.

Spreads to the brain, and heart.

48
Q

DTP Vaccine

A

Used for Diphtheria

- TOXOID: Inactive version of the bacteria.

49
Q

What is an antitoxin?

A

Antibodies against the toxin.

- Surround and neutralize toxins

50
Q 
Whooping Cough (LRI)
(Bordetella Pertussis)
A 
Obligate Aerobe, Gram (-) coccobacillus.
Signs/Symptoms:
     - Runny nose, violent coughing, convulsions
Transmission: 
     - Droplet/direct contact
Incubation:
     - 1-3 weeks
Treatment:
     - Erythromycin (early treatment), and DTaP Vaccine
Affects the Trachea!!
51
Q

Pertussis Virulence

A

Capsule is present in most strains

  • Pertussis Toxin
  • Tracheal cytotoxin
52
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

A

Lines the Respiratory Tract.
- Forms mucouciliary escalator (Production of
mucous), cilia moves mucous up and out to
avoid further infection.

53
Q

Pertussis Toxin

A

Attaches to epithelial cells. Creates mass amounts of mucous

54
Q

Tracheal Cytotoxin

A

Toxin paralyzes and kills cilia, no way to push mucous out of the epithelium
- Violent cough (wheezing)

55
Q

Pertussis progression

A

1) Incubation: 1-3 weeks
2) Catarrhal: prodromal phase, mild symptoms that last for a while
3) Paroxysmal: Violent coughing, lasts 6 weeks.
4) Convalescence

56
Q

Tuberculosis (LRI)

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis

A

Obligate aerobe, acid fast
Incubation/Generation time:
- 12-24 hrs (Long gen time), 3 month incubation
- Resistant to drying/disinfectants
Signs/Symptoms:
- Night sweats, fever, weight loss, cough
Transmission:
- Droplets
Treatment:
- Isoniazid + Rifampin + Streptomycin + Ethambutol
for 2 months
- BCG Vaccination

57
Q

Tubercle

A

Big ball of macrophages
- Used to prevent bacteria from spreading to the rest
of the lungs.
- Collagen fibers help seal off the infection by
building up around it

58
Q

Primary Tuberculosis

A

Inapparent infection
- No symptoms and not contagious
IF their immune system is weak –> Secondary tuberculosis

59
Q

Secondary Tuberculosis

A

Very contagious
- Bacteria is reactivated, Bacteria gains access to
blood

60
Q

Disseminated Miliary Tuberculosis

A

Tuberculosis that can potentially spread to other organs in the body

61
Q

Anthrax

A

3 forms: Inhalation, skin, and GI form
NOT CONTAGIOUS
Endospores: 8k-50,000k (infective dose)
Signs/Symptoms:
- Initial cold/flu. Eventual violent coughing, nausea,
vomiting, death, fainting, shock
Treatment:
- Aggressive treatment with drugs, draining of
lungs, most people who are affected die.
Vaccine:
- Given to military because Anthrax is considered as
a potential bio-weapon
- Given to animal handlers

62
Q

Which form of anthrax is the deadliest?

Most contagious?

A

1) Inhalation

2) Cutaneous (skin)

63
Q

What is Woolsorter’s Disease?

A

Inhalation Anthrax.
- Named because endospores could attach to
sheep hide, wool, and dust

64
Q

Where do anthrax endospores germinate?

A

In the lungs

65
Q

What does the anthrax toxin do?

A

The anthrax toxin kills and causes edema

66
Q

Pneumococcal Pneumonia - Adult pneumonia

Streptococcus Pneumoniae

A

83 different types
Capsule controls virulence factor (+ causes disease)
Signs/Symptoms:
- Cough, fever, chills, Rust colored Sputum
Transmission:
- Droplet
Incubation:
- 1-3 days
Pathogenesis:
- Fill lungs with fluid and destroy cells.
Treatment:
- Penicillin, 3rd gen ceph, erythromycin,
chloramphenicol
- Pneumovax Vaccine: given to elderly and nurses

67
Q

Which bacteria is responsible for causing Lobar Pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus Pneumonia

Pneumococcal

68
Q

What antibiotic is best suited for curing pneumonia?

A

Erythromycin

69
Q

Klebsiella Pneumoniae

Hemorrhagic

A 
Signs/Symptoms:
         - Cough, fever, bloody sputum, 
Transmission:
         - Droplets
Treatment: 
         - Cephalosporin + Aminoglycoside
70
Q

What is the most common type of pneumonia?

A

Klebsiella Pneumoniae

71
Q

Why is Klebsiella Pneumoniae considered Hemorrhagic?

A

When a person is infected, this causes lots of bleeding in the lungs.
Destroys alveoli

72
Q

Walking pneumonia

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

A 
Signs/symptoms:
         - cough, malaise, eventual fever
Incubation:
         - 2-3 weeks
Transmission:
         - Droplet
Treatment:
         - Erythromycin
73
Q

Chlamydial Pneumonia

A 
A type of pneumonia
Resembles mycobacterial pneumonia
- Transmitted through the respiratory route
Treatment: 
- Erythromycin
74
Q

Legionnaire’s Disease

A 
A type of pneumonia
        - Caused by legionella
        - high fever, cough, and death
        - Transmitted through air conditioning, spas, 
           humidifiers, and water fountains 
Incubation
        - 2-10 days
Treatment:
        - Erythromycin
75
Q

Influenza (LRI)

A 
Enveloped virus containing spike proteins:
- H spike, N spike
Incubation time:
- 1-3 days
Signs/Symptoms:
- Cough, sudden fever, pharyngitis
Treatment:
- Amantadine + Tamiflu
76
Q

Hemagglutinin spike

A

Antigenic, attach to target cells

77
Q

Neuraminidase spike

A

Weakly antigenic, liberation from host cell

78
Q

Antigenic Drift

A

A slight change in a strain of virus

79
Q

Antigenic Shift

A

When 2 flu viruses infect the same cell, creating a completely new virus.

Introductory Microbiology (BIOL 2117) (8 decks)

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