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Introductory Microbiology (BIOL 2117) > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

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1
Q

Penicillin (Beta-lactam)

A 
(ANTIBACTERIAL)
✩ Penicillin notatum
Mode of Action: Inhibits cell wall synthesis
  - Narrow spectrum
  - Targets gram + bacteria
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
↣ Development of resistant strains.
↣ B-lactam allergy
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2
Q

Cephalosporins (Beta-lactam)

A 
(ANTIBACTERIAL)
✩ Cephalosporium spp.
Mode of Action: Inhibits cell wall synthesis
  - Resistant to beta-lactamase
  - Broad spectrum (+,-)
----------------------------------------
1st Gen: Mostly Gram +
2nd Gen: Some Gram - and some +
3rd Gen: Some Gram - and +, Pseudomonas
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
↣ Development of resistant strains.
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3
Q

Carbapenems (Beta-lactam)

A 
(ANTIBACTERIAL)
Mode of Action: Inhibits cell wall synthesis
  - Broad spectrum
  - Modified Beta-Lactam
  - Power over 9000!
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
↣ Given only through parenteral route 
↣ Extremely broad spectrum (LAST RESORT)
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4
Q

Vancomycin (Non Beta-lactam)

A 
(ANTIBACTERIAL)
Mode of Action: Inhibits cell wall synthesis
  - Narrow spectrum, gram + only
  - Targets MRSA
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
↣ Development of resistant strains. (VRSA)
↣ Administered through an IV
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5
Q

Bacitracin (Non Beta-lactam)

A 
(ANTIBACTERIAL)
Mode of Action: Inhibits cell wall synthesis
  - Narrow spectrum
  - Targets gram + bacteria
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
↣ Topical application ONLY (Neosporin)
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6
Q

Isoniazid (Anti-Mycobacterial)

A 
(ANTIBACTERIAL)
Mode of Action: Inhibits synthesis of mycolic acid, prevents bacteria from making the acid.
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
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7
Q

Ethambutol (Anti-Mycobacterial)

A 
(ANTIBACTERIAL)
Mode of Action: Inhibits synthesis of mycolic acid, prevents mycolic acids from forming on bacterial cell wall.
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
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8
Q

Polymyxin B

A 
(ANTIBACTERIAL)
Mode of Action: Pokes holes into the cell wall. Leads to lysing of a cell.
  - Used topically
  - Targets Gram (-) bacteria
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
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9
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

(ANTIBACTERIAL)
Mode of Action: Inhibits protein synthesis by blocking the ribosome
- Used mostly against gram negative and some gram
positives
-
—————————————-
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
↣ Ototoxicity (hearing loss), nephrotoxicity (Kidney failure)

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10
Q

Macrolides (Erythromycin)

A

(ANTIBACTERIAL)
Mode of Action: Inhibits protein synthesis by blocking the ribosome
- Used mostly against gram positive
- Used to treat legionnaire’s disease and atypical
pneumonia
—————————————-
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
↣ Used as a substitute of penicillin (Non allergenic)

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11
Q

Chloramphenicol

A 
(ANTIBACTERIAL)
Mode of Action: Inhibits protein synthesis by blocking the ribosome
  - Broad spectrum
  - Used in late stages of meningitis
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
  ↣ Rarely used, toxic to children (aplastic anemia)
  ↣ Bone marrow loss (aplastic anemia)
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12
Q

Clindamycin

A 
(ANTIBACTERIAL)
Mode of Action: Inhibits protein synthesis by blocking the ribosome
  - VERY broad spectrum
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
  ↣ Too much can give a patient C-diff 
       (Pseudomembranous colitis)
  ↣ uh oh stinky
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13
Q

Tetracyclines

A 
(ANTIBACTERIAL)
Mode of Action: Inhibits protein synthesis by blocking the ribosome
  - Broad spectrum
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
  ↣ Kills normal flora, interferes with bone development, turns teeth gray
  ↣ Used to treat acne
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14
Q

Streptogramins (For VRSA)

A 
(ANTIBACTERIAL)
Mode of Action: Inhibits protein synthesis by blocking the ribosome
  - Broad spectrum
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
  ↣ Kills normal flora, interferes with bone development, turns teeth gray
  ↣ Used to treat acne
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15
Q

Oxazolidinones (For VRSA)

A 
(ANTIBACTERIAL)
Mode of Action: Inhibits protein synthesis by blocking the ribosome
  - Completely synthetic
  - Affective only against gram +
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
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16
Q

Sulfa Drugs

A

(ANTIBACTERIAL)
Mode of Action: Antimetabolite (Inhibits folic acid production)
- Completely synthetic
- Competes with bacterial enzymes to block active sites.
—————————————-
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
↣ Trimethoprim + Sulfa drugs = Winnin’
↣ Used for UTIs and Pneumocystis pneumonia

17
Q

Quinolones (Ciprofloxicin)

A 
(ANTIBACTERIAL)
Mode of Action: Blocks DNA gyrase
  - Typically targets Gram (+) cocci and gram (-) bacteria.
  - Broad spectrum
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
  ↣ Inhibits cartilage development (Not for 
      babies/pregnant women)
18
Q

Rifampin

A

(ANTIBACTERIAL)
Mode of Action: Inhibits transcription (RNA polymerase)
- Targets Tuberculosis
- Can penetrate tissue, used to kill Neisseria
(meningitis)
—————————————-
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
↣ Used in combination with isoniazid and ethambutol
to kill TB (mycobacterium tuberculosis)
↣ Red Man Syndrome

19
Q

Anti-TB Drugs

A
  • Isoniazid
  • Ethambutol
  • Rifampin
  • Streptomycin
20
Q

Acyclovir

A 
(ANTIVIRAL)
Mode of Action: Base analog
  - Targets Herpes Simplex Virus, and Varicella
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
21
Q

AZT

A 
(ANTIVIRAL)
Mode of Action: Inhibits reverse transcriptase, base analog
  - Targets HIV
  - Retroviral infections
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
22
Q

Amantadine

A 
(ANTIVIRAL)
Mode of Action: Blocks viral uncoating
  - Targets Influenza
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
23
Q

Protease Inhibitors

A 
(ANTIVIRAL)
Mode of Action: Blocks viral uncoating
  - Targets HIV
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
24
Q

Interferon

A 
(ANTIVIRAL)
  - Only created by a cell that has successfully beat an 
     infection
  - Targets Hep. C
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
25
Q

Tamiflu

A 
(ANTIVIRAL)
 Mode of Action: Neuraminidase Inhibitor
  - Targets Influenza
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
26
Q

Metronidazole

A

(ANTI-PROTOZOAN)
Mode of Action: Prevents replication/transcription
- Targets mainly anaerobic protozoa, and some
bacteria
—————————————-
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━

27
Q

Chloroquine

A 
(ANTI-PROTOZOAN)
Mode of Action: N/A
  - Targets Plasmodium Vivax
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
28
Q

Amphotericin B

A 
(ANTI-FUNGAL)
Mode of Action: Binds to Ergosterol
  - Targets systemic fungal infections
  - Parenteral application
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
  ↣ Kidney toxicity
29
Q

Miconazole (Imidazole)

A 
(ANTI-FUNGAL)
Mode of Action: Prevents the synthesis of Ergosterol
  - Targets fungal skin infections
  - Applied topically
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
30
Q

Terbinafine

A 
(ANTI-FUNGAL)
Mode of Action: Prevents the synthesis of Ergosterol
  - Targets nail fungus
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
31
Q

Nystatin

A 
(ANTI-FUNGAL)
Mode of Action: Degrades cell membranes
  - Oral application
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
32
Q

Echinocandins

A 
(ANTI-FUNGAL)
Mode of Action: Disrupts cell wall synthesis
  - Targets Systemic fungal infections
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━
33
Q

Griseofulvin

A 
(ANTI-FUNGAL)
Mode of Action: Disrupts cell division
  - Targets Skin fungal infections
----------------------------------------
Side Effects/Toxicities/Other:
━━━━━━━━━━━━

Introductory Microbiology (BIOL 2117) (8 decks)

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