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lecture exam 3 review questions Flashcards

1
Q

How is Archaeplastida different from plants?

A

There is no difference, they are the same

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2
Q

Why are red algae red?

A

A pigment called phycoerythrin masks the green pigment of chlorophyll

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3
Q

What are red algae used for (by people)?

A

Nori - sushi (seaweed)
Carrageenan (thickening agent) - desserts, beer, shampoo, pet food, toothpaste

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4
Q

What’s a chlorophyte?

A

A group of green algae

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5
Q

Where do chlorophytes live? (3 places)

A

freshwater, damp soil, snow

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6
Q

What are the two life cycles of chlorophytes?

A
  1. Asexual
  2. Sexual - occurs when life is threatened (ex. lack of food) for quicker reproduction rates and variation
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7
Q

What 4 morphological traits support the sister-taxa relationship of charophytes and land plants?

A
  1. Rose-shaped complexes for cellulose synthesis
  2. Peroxisome enzymes for metabolism
  3. Flagellated sperm structure
  4. Phragmoplast formation
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8
Q

What 2 genetic datasets support the sister-taxa relationship of charophytes and land plants?

A

?

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9
Q

Four reasons to move to shallow water from deep.

A
  1. Sunlight
  2. More CO2
  3. Soils rich in nutrients
  4. Fewer herbivores and pathogens
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10
Q

Two challenges of land for plants.

A
  1. Scarcity of water
  2. Standing up
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11
Q

What is sporopollenin?

A

A durable layer polymer in charophytes that prevent exposed zygotes from drying out

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12
Q

What are the big 4 unique traits of land plants?

A
  1. Alternations of generations
  2. Walled spores produces in sporangia
  3. Multicellular gametangia
  4. Apical meristems
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13
Q

What is gametangia?

A

Tissue that produces gametes

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14
Q

What’s a cuticle?

A

Polyester and wax polymers that reduce water loss

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15
Q

What’s a secondary plant compound?

A

Acts as herbivore deterrent and UV protection, proven helpful for medicines

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16
Q

What’s a mycorrhizal fungus?

A

Fungi that have symbiotic relations with land plants, may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients.

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17
Q

What does Chlamydomonas teach us about the benefits of sexual reproduction?

A

Increases diversity within a population & recombination of genes

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18
Q

Why are these dates important: 4.5 billion years ago (bya), 3.8 bya, 1.2 bya, 0.5 bya (500 million)

A

4.5 bya: origin of solar system and earth
3.8 bya: prokaryotes in water/origin of life
1.2 bya: cyano on land (biofilms); first multicellular species
0.5 bya: land plants (animals followed shortly after, but plants came to land first)

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19
Q

Why are gametes made via mitosis and spore via meiosis?

A

Gametes made via mitosis because they are already haploid and only need to split up/divide by 2
The gametophyte is haploid and produces haploid gametes by mitosis (multiply by 2)
Spores made via meiosis because they are diploid and need to become haploid
Fusion of the gametes gives rise to the diploid sporophyte, which produces haploid spores by meiosis
A spore has the ability to grow into adult gametophyte by itself - it does not need to interact with another cell to do this, all it needs to do is find favorable conditions.
* A gamete has to fuse with another gamete before it can for a zygote that can grow into the adult sporophyte

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20
Q

What are the three groups of nonvascular land plants?

A

Liverworts, hornworts, mosses

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21
Q

What does “vascular” refer to?

A

vascular tissue

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22
Q

Why are nonvascular plants so small?

A

They lack a vascular system

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23
Q

What are the 2 generations that alternate in land plants?

A

The diploid sporophyte and the haploid gametophyte.

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24
Q

What’s the generation that is obvious to us in nonvascular plants?

A

gametophyte (haploid)

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25
Q

Compare and contrast archegonia and antheridia. How are they alike? How are they different?

A

Archegonia: female gametangia, produce eggs and are the site of fertilization
Antheridia: the site of sperm production and release
Both: have something have something to do with reproduction and both have organs that can produce gametes

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26
Q

What is a sporangium?

A

organ that produces spores

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27
Q

What are the differences between a spore and a gamete?

A

A spore is a cell that can grow into an organism on its own. A gamete needs to fuse to become an organism

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28
Q

What is so special about an apical meristem?

A

It is where the plant actually grows. Differiante into different tissues.

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29
Q

Early fossil spores were not singular but in clumps of ________ (number?).

A

4

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30
Q

Why is vascular tissue important?

A

Transports organic and inorganic compounds allows the plant to grow big and tall.

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31
Q

What 3 groups are the nonvascular land plants?

A

liverworts, hornworts, and mosses

32
Q

.What 2 groups form the seedless vascular plants?

A

Lycophytes (club mosses) Pterophytes (ferns and their relatives)

33
Q

What 2 groups form the seed plants?

A

angiosperms and gymnosperms

34
Q

.What’s a seed?

A

An embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat

35
Q

What’s a hepatophyta?

A

a liverwort which fits into the nonvascular land plant group

36
Q

What’s an anthocerophyte?

A

a hornwort also a part of the nonvascular land plant group.

37
Q

The ___________ is dominant in the nonvascular life-cycle.

A

gametophyte_

38
Q

A spore develops into a____________.

A

gametophyte

39
Q

Gametes fuse to eventually give rise to a___________.

A

zygote_

40
Q

What does a bryologist study?

A

bryophytes

41
Q

Why do moss need wet environments?

A

since mosses are non vascular they lack the tissue so they have not transport system, instead mosses most absorb water directly from the environment

42
Q

Vascular tissue is necessary to ____________.

A

transport nutrients_

43
Q

The two types of vascular tissues are_____________ and _____________.

A

xylem and phloem

44
Q

Why do ferns do best in wet habitats?

A

Their spores will dry out if they are not in wet habitats.

45
Q

What does homosporous and heterosporous mean?

A

Homosporous: one type of spore
Heterosporous: produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes and microspores that give rise to male gametophytes

46
Q

What do the two types of vascular tissues do?

A

Xylem transports and stores water and nutrients. Phloem is responsible for transporting sugars, proteins and other organic molecules

47
Q

What 3 things make up a seed?

A

Embryo
Food supply (storage tissue)
Protective coat

48
Q

What are the 5 key adaptations of seed plants?

A
  • Reduced gametophytes
  • Heterospory
  • Ovules
  • Pollen grains
  • Seeds
49
Q

Why are these adaptations KEY for terrestrial life?

A

Seeds– allows them to produce without use of water
Pollen grains– able to disperse across great distances

50
Q

What are the 3 parts of an unfertilized ovule?

A

Megasporangium
Megaspore
Integument

51
Q

What is a pollen grain?

A

Sexual reproduction
the transfer of pollen to the part of seed plant containing the ovules
Angiosperm and Gymnosperm
Eliminates the need to transport through water

52
Q

What is pollination?

A

reproduction

53
Q

What are the 3 parts of a gymnosperm seed. If they have chromosomes, what are their ploidy levels?

A

Seed coat
Food supply (haploid) → n
Embryo (new sporophyte) → diploid (2n)

54
Q

What are the four phyla of gymnosperms. Give an example of a plant from each.

A

Cycadophyta - cycas revoluta- looks like tiny palm tree
Ginkgophyta - Ginkgo biloba (pollen producing male tree
Gnetophyta - Mormon tea
Coniferophyta- Douglas fur- Bristlecone pine

55
Q

Genus Ephedra (Mormon tea) produces the secondary plant compounds:

A

caffeine and ephedrine

56
Q

Many conifer forests depend on _________ for survival.

A

fire ecology

57
Q

Male spores of a pine tree are called __________ and develop into a____

A

microsporyte and gametophyte

58
Q

Female spores are called __________ and develop into a___________.

A

megasporocyte and embryo

59
Q

About how many species of angiosperms?

A

250,00

59
Q

What are three key features of the gymnosperm life cycle?

A

Alternation of generations
Dominant sporophyte
Reduced gametophytes

59
Q

What are the four major parts of a flower that are derived from specialized leaves?

A

Sepal
Petals
Stamens
Carpals

59
Q

It can take nearly _______ years to go from cone to seed.

A

3

59
Q

What is a major ecological problem with the message in the Smokey the Bear ad depicted at right?

A

It doesn’t allow fire ecology to happen

60
Q

How does the grass stage of a longleaf pine survive a fire?

A

Grass stage - builds root system. Meristem protected by needles

60
Q

Angion is greek for_______________.

A

seed

61
Q

What’s a fruit?

A

fruit typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts
Fruits protect seeds and aid in their dispersal
Mature fruits can either be fleshy or dry
Various fruit adaptations help disperse seeds
Seeds can be carried by wind, water, or animals to new locations

62
Q

Why does a strawberry turn red?

A

Indicates to animals that fruit is mature and ready to be eaten; seeds are mature and ready to be spread

63
Q

The male part of a flower is the___________ and has an_______ on top of a ______

A

stamen, anther and filament

64
Q

What are the parts of a carpel?

A

An ovary/ovule, stigma, style

65
Q

What’s an anachronistic fruit!?

A

Fruits out of time (animals today don’t really eat them)

66
Q

Janzen would say that hedge apples and/or Guanacaste fruits are becoming more rare because_____________ are missing.

A

Gomphotheres - large elephants (now extinct) that would eat the apples and poop them out, therefore allowing them to reproduce.

67
Q

What is corn silk?

A

Female part of corn

68
Q

How did the ancestor of all of the Archaeplastida get its chloroplasts?

A

Secondary endosymbiosis

69
Q

Monocots

A

More than one quarter of angiosperm species are monocots
Orchids, dat palms, lilies, barley

70
Q

Eudicots

A

more than two-thirds of angiosperm species are eudicots
Poppies, pyrenean oak, dog rose, snow peas, zucchini flowers

71
Q

What’s the difference between monocots and eudicots?

A

Monocots = parallel lines in leaves
Eudicots (dicots) = netlike lines in leaves

72
Q

myzcorrhizal fungi?

A

Most land plants rely on mycorrhizal fungi to aid in the uptake of nutrients from the soil and these plants can even share using this network.

OD (4 decks)

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