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OD > lecture exam 1 (review questions) > Flashcards

lecture exam 1 (review questions) Flashcards

1
Q

How many described species are on Earth?

A

2.3 million species

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2
Q

What percentage of species have gone extinct?

A

99%

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3
Q

What are the two general types of science?

A

discovery-based and hypothesis-based

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4
Q

What is discovery-based science?

A

aims to observe, explore, and discover

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5
Q

What is hypothesis-based science?

A

begins with a scientific question/problem and has a potential answer or solution that can be tested

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6
Q

What is a scientific hypothesis?

A

it leads to predictions that can be tested by observation or experimentation - can be falsifiable and must be testable

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7
Q

Who was Henry Bates?

A

he hypothesized that mimicry evolved in harmless species as an evolutionary adaptation that reduces their chances of being eaten

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8
Q

What does the Batesian Mimicry Hypothesis state?

A

a species mimics the warning signals of another species without having the characteristics that make it undesirable to their shared predator

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9
Q

What is a scientific theory and why is it so powerful?

A

a theory is broader than a hypothesis and can lead to a new testable hypothesis - it is supported by larger bodies of evidence in comparison

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10
Q

Why are fields dealing with supernatural phenomena considered either unscientific or pseudoscientific?

A

science cannot support or falsify supernatural explanations because they are outside the bounds of science

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11
Q

What are the (7) characteristics of life?

A

Order
Evolutionary adaptation
Response to the environment
Reproduction
Growth and development
Energy processing
Regulation/homeostasis

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12
Q

Why is the Theory of Evolution important to all biologists?

A

Evolution makes sense of everything we know about living organisms

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13
Q

List the three domains of life

A

domain Bacteria
domain Archaea
domain Eukarya

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14
Q

Starting with domain, list the main taxonomic groups, from the largest (most inclusive) down to species

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
family
genus
species

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15
Q

How do you write a genus name?

A

Genus names are uppercase and italicized

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16
Q

How do you write a species name?

A

Species names are lowercase and italicized

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17
Q

What were Darwin’s 2 main points in his book, “Origin of Species”?

A
  1. Species showed evidence of “descent with modification” from common ancestors
  2. Natural selection is the mechanism behind “descent with modification”
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18
Q

When did Darwin publish “Origin of Species”?

A

1859

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19
Q

Describe how natural selection can cause a population to change

A

Individuals will survive if they are best suited to their environment - the population will all have beneficial traits from adaptation

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20
Q

What’s a one-sentence definition of evolution?

A

Change in gene frequency in a population of organisms

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21
Q

Do individuals evolve?

A

No, populations evolve. Individuals in a population vary, though.

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22
Q

Can an individual undergo adaptation?

A

Yes, individuals can adapt to their environment if they have enough time to. The possess a mechanisms (sexual reproduction) that can generate variation.

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23
Q

What is speciation?

A

The origin of new species

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24
Q

What is microevolution?

A

Consists of adaptations that evolve within a population, confined to one gene pool.

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25
Q

What is macroevolution?

A

The cumulative effect of many speciation and extinction events over millions of years

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26
Q

What is the biological species concept?

A

It emphasizes reproductive isolation and that populations of a species have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring; they do not breed successfully with other populations

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27
Q

What is gene flow?

A

The mating between two members of the same population

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28
Q

Why does gene flow matter?

A

It holds the phenotype of a population together

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29
Q

Why is reproductive isolation important?

A

It allows organisms to be different enough that they become a distinct species - also increases diversity

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30
Q

Why might Galapagos Tortoises from different islands show some differences?

A

Different eating habits - low, arid islands vs. high, lush islands

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31
Q

Why are the bones in our arms the same bones as those in a chicken?

A

We share a common ancestor that had the same bones in their arms

32
Q

How does the Theory of Evolution explain the unity of life (shared characteristics of life)?

A

All life on Earth evolved from a single common ancestor, so all species are united in that way

33
Q

Why do all mammals (whales, humans, bats, etc.) have fur at some point in their lives?

A

All mammals had shared a common ancestor that had fur at some point in their life

34
Q

What are 5 pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms?

A
  1. temporal
  2. behavioral
  3. mechanical
  4. gametic
  5. reproductive
35
Q

What is temporal isolation?

A

Species that breed at different times of the day, different seasons, or different years cannot mix their gametes

36
Q

What is behavioral isolation?

A

Courtship rituals and other behaviors unique to a species are effective barriers

37
Q

What is mechanical isolation?

A

Morphological differences can prevent successful mating

38
Q

What is gametic isolation?

A

Sperm of one species may not be able to fertilize the eggs of another species

39
Q

What are 3 post-zygotic barriers?

A
  1. reduced hybrid viability
  2. reduced hybrid fertility
  3. hybrid breakdown
40
Q

What is reduced hybrid viability?

A

Genes of the different parent species may interact and impair the hybrid’s development

41
Q

What is reduced hybrid fertility?

A

Even if hybrids are vigorous, they may be sterile (ex. mule)

42
Q

What is hybrid breakdown?

A

Hybrids may seem viable but their offspring (second generation of hybrids) are not - mostly found in plants (for example: cotton)

43
Q

How does allopatric speciation work?

A

Gene flow is reduced when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations

44
Q

Does allopatric speciation require natural selection?

A

No, but it may cause natural selection to arise in isolated populations

45
Q

What happens if two isolated populations come back together and have NOT evolved reproductive isolation?

A

Interbreeding is prevented if speciation occurs

46
Q

What is a population?

A

Organisms of the same species living in a particular area

47
Q

T or F: Speciation may involve 1 gene or many

A

True

48
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The evolutionary history of a species/group of related species

49
Q

What two things did Linnaeus give us?

A
  1. two-part names
  2. hierarchical classification
50
Q

What is a taxon?

A

A group of one or more of an organism

51
Q

Can phylogenetic trees (our hypotheses) change?

A

Yes

52
Q

What’s a clade? What’s a monophyletic group?

A

They are the same thing, a group of species that includes an ancestral species and ALL its descendents

53
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

When two organisms look/behave the same, even though they are distantly related

54
Q

What do convergent evolution and common ancestry have in common?

A

Both produce organisms with similarities

55
Q

What does a systematist do?

A

Studies evolutionary relationships and classifies organisms

56
Q

What is a grade?

A

A group of organisms based on similarity via convergent evolution (not common ancestry) is called a grade

57
Q

What are the 7 descriptive characteristics of viruses?

A
  1. acellular
  2. no metabolism - cannot grow
  3. depend on host cells to reproduce
  4. collected nucleic acids from various sources
  5. can infect almost all forms of life
  6. are species-specific AND tissue-specific
  7. origin is uncertain
58
Q

What sensory extension instrument verified the existence of viruses?

A

electron microscope

59
Q

Why were viruses hard to visualize?

A

They don’t have fossils and the method they use to copy themselves in the host cell

60
Q

What are three hypotheses for the origins of viruses?

A
  1. devolved from free-living cells
  2. nucleic acid molecule “escaped” from cells
  3. began as self-replicating molecules
61
Q

What two things does every virion have?

A

nucleic acid and a protein capsid

62
Q

What are the four shapes of viruses?

A
  1. filamentous
  2. icosahedral
  3. enveloped
  4. head and tail
63
Q

What’s a bacteriophage?

A

Bacteriophages infect bacteria

64
Q

What are the parts of a bacteriophage?

A

a DNA genome, head, tail, and tail fibers

65
Q

What are the three main parts of an icosahedral virus, like adenovirus?

A

DNA, capsid, glycoproteins

66
Q

What is a viral envelope good for?

A

Protects genetic material when traveling between host cells

67
Q

What are glycoproteins good for?

A

Help the virus enter host cells

68
Q

What are the 4 core classifications for viruses?

A
  1. DNA or RNA
  2. Single or double-stranded
  3. Circular or linear
  4. Non-segmented or segmented
69
Q

An individual virus particle is called a ____________

A

virion

70
Q

What are the 4 phases of a viral infection?

A
  1. attachment
  2. entry
  3. replication and assembly
  4. egress (release)
71
Q

What are 3 main ways viruses replicate?

A
  1. transcribe mRNA
  2. mRNA makes viral proteins
  3. DNA incorporates into host genome
72
Q

Explain the lytic cycle

A

virus hijacks a host cell, uses its components to manufacture more of the virus, destroys and exits the cell, and then goes on to infect other cells

73
Q

Explain the lysogenic cycle

A

a viral reproductive stage where the virus’s DNA is replicated using the host cell’s DNA

74
Q

Who discovered the CISPR system?

A

Doudna and Carpentier

75
Q

What is an endogenous retrovirus?

A

A viral infection that has used reverse transcriptase to write its sequence into the host’s DNA IN THE SEX CELLS so that the viral DNA is now hereditary

76
Q

List 4 methods of virus vaccine production

A
  1. attenuated “live” virus
  2. “killed” virus
  3. molecular subunits
  4. mRNA
77
Q
A

OD (4 decks)

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