Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards
What motion(s) is particular associated with lumbar spondylolysis?
hyperextension coupled with rotation
What fills the space in a lumbar spondylolysis?
fibrocartilagenous material
What name has been given to the material filling the space in a lumbar spondylolysis?
spondylolysis ligament
What types of neural function(s) have been associated with the sponodylolysis ligament?
nociception, neuromodulation and autonomic function
What is the appearance of the lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
a Scotty dog
What is the appearance of a pars defect in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
a collared Scotty dog
What is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
a collared Scotty dog
In an oblique x-ray, spondylolysis below the superior articular process of a lumbar pars interarticularis is associated with what part of the Scotty dog?
the neck of the Scotty dog
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the eye of a Scotty dog?
the pedicle
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the ear of a Scotty dog?
the superior articular process
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the nose of a Scotty dog?
the transverse process
What is the incidence of sacral spondylolysis in the general population?
it’s rare
What ethnic group is associated with a high incidence of sacral spondylolysis?
the native Alaskan (Inuit) popoulation
Is sacral spondylolysis the result of congenital conditions, acquired conditions or an age-related conditions?
it seems to be acquired
What activities are associated with sacral spondylolysis?
kayaking and harpooning
What is the definition of spondylolisthesis?
a vertebral slippage
What vertebral condition results in spondylolisthesis?
bilateral spondylolysis
What is the direction of spondylolisthesis?
anterior or forward displacement
What is the posterior direction of vertebral slippage called?
Retrospondylolisthesis or retrolisthesis
identify all names given to type I spondylolisthesis?
dysplastic spondylolisthesis, congenital spondylolisthesis
What is the location bias of type I spondylolisthesis?
L5 or upper sacral segments
What is the location of the defect associated with type I spondylolisthesis?
more frequently the vertebral arch
What additional conditions are linked to type I spondylolisthesis?
spina bifida occulta and nerve root compression of the S1 nerve
Identify all names given to type II spondylolisthesis?
isthmic spondylolisthesis
Which subtype of type II spondylolisthesis is stressed in spinal II?
Lytic spondylolisthesis or stress fracture induced spondylolisthesis
What is the cause most frequently given for type II spondylolisthesis?
microfractures as the result of repetitive stress during hyperflexion and rotation
What is the age group typically associated with type II spondylolisthesis?
teenagers or young adults
Will spondylolysis always result in type II spondylolisthesis?
no, particularly in cases of unilateral spondylolysis
What spinal canal dimensions are associated with type II spondylolisthesis?
isthmic spondylolisthesis demonstrates an increase in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal
What is the gender bias and locational bias associated with type II spondylolisthesis?
isthmic spondylolisthesis is common in men at the L5/S1 level
What conditions are often associated with type III spondylolisthesis?
degenerative spondylolisthesis is often associated with osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc degeneration, ligament laxity and articular facet remodeling
What is the gender bias, locational bias, and spinal canal dimension changes often associated with type II spondylolisthesis?
degenerative spondylolisthesis is more common in women, particularly at L4/L5, and demonstrates no change in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal
Identify all names given to type IV spondylolisthesis?
traumatic spondylolisthesis
What causes type IV spondylolisthesis?
fracture of the neural arch components
Is there a gender, locational, or age bias associated with type IV spondylolisthesis?
no
Identify all names given to type V spondylolisthesis?
pathologic spondylolisthesis
What are the cause(s) associated with type V spondylolisthesis?
bone diseases such as Paget disease or osteogenesis imperfecta
What determines the length of the intervertebral foramen?
the width of the pedicle
What may extend the length of the intervertebral foramen?
the transverse process, muscles or ligaments
What forms the superior boundary for the typical intervertebral foramen?
the inferior vertebral notch of the pedicle above
What is the average height of the intervertebral foramen?
about 13mm
What percent of total vertebral column length does “true” intervertebral foramina height from C2-S1 equal?
40%
What percent of total vertebral column length does all intervertebral foramina height from occiput Co1 equal?
53%
What are the generic contents of the intervertebral foramen?
neural tissue, connective tissue, vascular tissue, lymphatic tissue
What is the percent of neural tissue in the intervertebral foramen?
from 8 to 50 percent
What are the characteristics of the Artery of Adamkiewicz?
it is a left side, anterior medullary feeder artery, located in the T9/T10 intervertebral foramen, and the primary vascular supply to the lumbar enlargement
What is the most likely region of the thoracic spine for herniation?
below T8
What will the intervertebral veins drain into?
the external vertebral venous plexus or Batson’s plexus
What is a unique histological feature of the veins of the vertebral column?
they appear to lack valves
What size lymphatic vessels lie in the intervertebral foramen?
medium sized lymphatics
What type(s) of connective tissue will be present in the intervertebral foramen?
adipose tissue and loose areolar connective tissue
What is the relationship of cervical intervertebral foramen height to nerve root size?
the height increases but the nerve root size stays about the same from cranial to caudal
What parts of the cervical vertebra will modify the intervertebral foramen?
the lateral groove and uncinate process
What is the relationship between aging and cervical spine nerve root characteristics?
the length of the nerve root increases as it descends from its apparent origin on the spinal cord, but the cross-sectional area of the nerve root decreases
What are the specific attachment sites for a cervical spinal nerve?
the sulcus for the ventral primary ramus on the costotransverse bar and the vertebral artery
What contributes to the anterior boundary of the thoracic intervertebral foramen?
the costocentral joint
What is the amount of contribution of the intervertebral disc to the height of the lumbar intervertebral foramen?
about half
Which are the largest spinal nerves?
L5 and S1 spinal nerves
What increases the length of the intervertebral foramen at L5?
the lumbosacral tunnel
What forms the lumbosacral tunnel?
the lumbosacral ligament, transverse process of L5 and sacral ala
What condition is the result of encroachment on the L5 spinal nerve?
the far out syndrome
What ligaments may contribute to the loss of size in the lumbar intervertebral foramen?
the transforaminal ligament and the corporotransverse ligament
What is unusual about the sacral intervertebral foramen compared to other intervertebral foramina?
a completely osseous boundary exists
What is more likely the cause of nerve irritation at the sacral intervertebral foramen?
the tilt or position of the entire sacrum relative to the pelvis
What is unique about the relationship of spinal nerve to intervertebral foramen at S5-Co1?
there are two nerves present, S5 nerve & Co1 nerve
What are some examples of destructive lesions of the vertebral body?
tuberculosis, hemangiomas, osteoporosis
What may reduce the impact of intervertebral disc loss of integrity on the intervertebral foramen in the cervical and thoracic spine?
the joint of Luschka in the cervicals, the costocentral joint in the thoracics
What are examples of osteophyte formation that influence the intervertebral foramen?
the bony spurs of the vertebral body and para-articular processes on the lamina
What are examples of acquired alterations of the spinal curves identified in class?
obesity, pregnancy and the use of heavy backpacks
What is the recommended weight of a backpack compared to individual weight for the developing spine?
backpack weight should not exceed 10% individual body weight
What are the curvatures of the vertebral column?
anterior, posterior, and lateral
What is the direction of the primary curve of the vertebral column?
posterior
Why is the posterior curve also called the primary curve?
it is the first curve to appear embryologically
What are the adult remnants of the primary curve along the vertebral column?
the thoracic or dorsal curve and the pelvic or sacrococcygeal curve
What are the names given to curves that form during development to reverse the direction of regions along the vertebral column?
anterior curve, secondary curve, compensatory curve
What are the names of the anterior curves, secondary curves, and compensatory curves?
cervical curve and lumbar curve
What segmental levels form the cervical curve?
C2-T1
What segmental levels form the lumbar curve?
T12-L5
What is the earliest time of appearance of the cervical curve?
the third fetal month
What is the traditional time of appearance of the cervical curve said to be?
during the last trimester in utero
What is the time during which the “adult” cervical curve is said to appear?
Within the first year after birth
What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve?
- centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in the brain
- musculature attaching the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax together develops
- the head is held upright
- the intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior
At what age will the infant begin to hold the head erect?
usually between the third and fourth month after birth
What is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect?
the righting reflex
What is the location for the apex of the cervical curve?
typically between C4 and C5
What is the location for the cervical kyphosis?
between occiput and C1
What is the name given to the primary cervical curve?
cervical kyphosis
What is the time of appearance of the lumbar curve?
between 12 and 18 months after birth
What infant activities are associated with the development of the lumbar curve?
- crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward
- muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars
- intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior compared to posterior
- walking will further promote muscle and intervertebral disc development
What happens within the intervertebral disc to facilitate the lumbar curve development?
the nucleus pulposus of L4 will shift its position within the annulus fibrosis
Which sense is a requirement for holding the head erect, standing, sitting, and walking?
vision
What is the gender bias associated with lumbar curve convexity?
females have a greater convexity of the lumbar curve
What is the vertebral relationship between the lumbar curve and the lumbar enlargement?
lumbar curve T12-L5; lumbar enlargement T9-T12
What is the formation of the lateral curve often correlated with?
faster development of the muscles on the side of handedness
What is the time of appearance of the lateral curves?
they appear after 6 years old
What locations of lateral curves are recognized?
cervical, thoracic or dorsal, and lumbar
Which lateral curves are best developed?
thoracic or dorsal, and lumbar
What is the relationship between curve direction and handedness?
a right handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination
What is the incidence of a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination in the population?
about 80% of the population demonstrates this
What does the suffix “osis” mean?
a condition
Does “osis” infer a normal or an abnormal condition?
neither, its non-judgemental
What generic names identified abnormal curves of the vertebral column?
lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis
What is the definition of lordosis?
a forward bending condition
What is the definition of kyphosis?
a humpback or hunchback condition
What is the definition of scoliosis?
a warped or crooked condition
What is the direction of the curve deviation in lordosis?
to the anterior
What is the direction of the curve deviation in kyphosis?
to the posterior
What is the direction of the curve deviation in scoliosis?
to the side (it is a lateral curve deviation)
Is there a locational bias for the classic definition of lordosis?
no, there would be an increase in the anterior direction in the cervical spine, a decrease in the posterior direction in the thoracic spine, an increase in the anterior direction in the lumbar spine and a decrease in the posterior direction in the pelvic or sacrococcygeal region
Is there a locational bias for the classic definition of kyphosis?
no, there would be a decrease in the anterior direction in the cervical spine, an increase in the posterior direction in the thoracic spine, a decrease in the anterior direction in the lumbar spine and an increase in the posterior direction in the pelvic or sacrococcygeal region
What clinical abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column were stressed in class?
military neck, humpback or hunchback, and swayback
What is military neck?
a decreased anterior curve in the cervical region, a straight neck
What is humpback or hunchback?
an increased posterior curve in the thoracic region
What is swayback?
an increased anterior curve in the lumbar region
What is classic classification of humpback or hunchback?
a kyphosis
What is classic classification of military neck?
a kyphosis
What is classic classification of swayback?
a lordosis
What does the use of the term lordotic try to imply?
a normal cervical and normal lumbar anterior curve
What does the use of the term kyphotic try to imply?
a normal thoracic or dorsal and normal pelvic or sacrococcygeal posterior curve
What prefixes are used to convey abnormality in curve patterns?
hyper and hypo
What does the term hyperlordotic infer?
an increase in the anterior curve of the cervical or lumbar region
What does the term hypolordotic infer?
a decrease in the anterior curve of the cervical or lumbar region
What does the term hyperkyphotic infer?
an increase in the posterior curve of the thoracic/dorsal or pelvic/sacrococcygeal region
What does the term hypokyphotic infer?
a decrease in the posterior curve of the thoracic/dorsal or pelvic/sacrococcygeal region
What are the curve classifications for military neck?
a kyphosis or hypolordotic curve
What are the curve classifications for humpback or hunchback?
a kyphosis or hyperkyphotic curve
What are the curve classifications for swayback?
a lordosis or hyperlordotic curve
What is the more complete, accepted definition of scoliosis?
an abnormal lateral curve coupled with axial rotation
What is the radioloical test for skeletal maturity?
the Risser sign, an indication of bone maturity in the iliac apophysis
What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society?
magnitude, location, direction, etiology, structural scoliosis and non-structural scoliosis
What does magnitude of scoliosis refer to?
the length and angle of the curve deviation on x-ray
What is often used to measure the magnitude of scoliosis?
the Cobb method
What does location of scoliosis infer?
the location of the vertebral segment forming the apex of the curve deviation
What does direction of scoliosis refer to?
the side the convexity of the curve will bend toward
What does etiology of scoliosis mean?
the cause of the scoliosis
What is structural scoliosis?
a more radical form of scoliosis, it may worsen, associated with structural deformities of the vertebra or intervertebral disc, frequently has a fixed angle of trunk rotation
What is nonstructural scoliosis?
a mild from of scoliosis, unlikely to worsen, not associated with structural deformities of the vertebra or intervertebral disc and lacks a fixed angle of trunk rotation
What is the classification of scoliosis that is unique to the individual patient?
idiopathic scoliosis
What does idiopathic scoliosis infer?
the scoliosis is unique to the individual, it has no known cause, unknown etiology
What is the incidence of idiopathic scoliosis in the population?
1% to 4% of the population
Based on age of onset, what are the types of idiopathic scoliosis?
infantile, juvenile, and adolescent
What is the age range for infantile idiopathic scoliosis?
from birth to 3 years old
What is the age range for juvenile idiopathic scoliosis?
from 3 years old to 10 years old
What is the age range for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?
over 10 years old
Identify curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis.
left thoracic, male, less than 1% incidence
Identify curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosos
right thoracic, females over 6 years old, and 12% - 21% incidence
Identify curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumbar, females, and 80% incidence
What is the genetic factor associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?
an autosomal dominant factor that runs in families
What is the relationship between curve deviation, incidence, and curve worsening?
the greater deviation, the lower the incidence, and the more likely to worsen
What is the name given to segments that lie in the transition zones of the vertebral column?
transition vertebrae
What are the transition zones of the vertebral column?
occipitocervical, cervicothoracic, thoracolumbar, lumbosacral, and sacrococcygeal zones
How are specific segments within a transition zone identified?
by adjacent region of the segment, process of transition, and specific segment (occipitalization of C1)
What does the suffix “ization” refer to?
in the process of becoming like
What are the possible transition zone - segmental combinations?
cervicalization of occiput, occipitalization of C1
dorsalization of C7, cervicalization of T1
lumbarization of T12, dorsalization of L1
sacralization of L, lumbarization of S1
coccygealization of S5, sacralization of Co1
What is/are the characteristic(s) of cervicalization of occiput?
an increase in occipital bone size, formation of new or larger lines on the occipital bone
What is/are the characteristic(s) of occipitalization of C1?
the atlas may be partially or completely fused to the occiput
What is another way of implying occipitalization of C1?
atlas assimilation
What is the incidence of occipitalization of C1?
0.1% to 0.8%
When do the centers of ossification for the odontoid process first appear?
during the last trimester in utero
When do the bilateral ossification centers for the odontoid process fuse?
at or shortly after birth
What joint forms between the odontoid process ossification centers and the centrum of C2?
the subdental synchondrosis
What joint classification is present between the C2 odontoid process and centrum?
amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
Ossification between the odontoid process and centrum joint of C2 first appears at what age?
4 years old
a joint between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 is last identified at what age?
7 years old
What is the name given to the condition in which the joint formed between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 persists beyond age 7?
os odontoideum
What is an os odontoideum?
a persistence beyond age 7 of the joint formed between the centrum and odontoid process centers of ossification
What is the name given to the joint between the odontoid process and centrum of C2 which is still evident beyond age 7?
persistent subdental synchondrosis
What is the name given to the joint formed between the tip of the dens and the odontoid process centers of ossification?
tip of the dens synchondrosis
What is the classification of the joint formed between the tip of the dens and odontoid process centers of ossification?
amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
At what age will the tip of the dens center of ossification appear?
sometime in early adolescence
Based on the age of appearance, how is the tip of the dens center of ossification classified?
secondary center of ossification
At what age will the tip of the dens fuse with the odontoid process?
before age 12
If the joint formed between the tip of the dens and odontoid process centers of ossification persists beyond age 12, what is the condition called?
terminal ossicle
What is a basilar impression?
persistence of the nonunion of the basilar and condylar parts of the chondrocranium such that the cartilage deforms due to the weight of the brain
What is a basilar invagination?
the upper cervical spine appears to be invaginated into the skull on x-ray analysis
What is/are the characteristic(s) of dorsalization of C7?
the addition of a rib and changes in superior articular facet orientation are typical
What is the incidence of rib-related changes following dorsalization of C7?
from one-half to two and one-half percent of the population
Do patients typically present with symptoms specific for dorsalization of C7?
no, they are typically asymptomatic
What is the gender bias suggested in dorsalization of C7?
female
What alteration in C7 facet orientation may accompany dorsalization?
the superior articular facet of C7 may change from back, upward, and medial to that of a typical thoracic facet…back, upward, and lateral; the inferior articular facet is unchanged
What alteration in C6 facet orientation may accompany dorsalization?
C6 demonstrates a change in inferior articular facet orientation from forward, lateral, and downward to forward, medial, and downward; the superior articular facet unchanged
What percent of the population may demonstrate thoracic-like features at C7?
up to 46%
What rib related changes may accompany cervicalization of T1?
the first rib may decrease in mean relative length or become absent
What will result from fusion of a short rib to the T1 transverse process?
the transverse foramen
What T1 facet orientation changes may accompany cervicalization?
the superior articular facet may change from back, upward, and lateral to back, upward, and medial; the inferior articular facet is unchanged
What C7 facet orientation changes may accompany cervicalization?
the inferior articular facet may change from forward, medial, and downward to forward, lateral, and downward; the superior articular facet is unchanged
What is the incidence of cervicalization of T1 in the population?
up to 28% of the population
What rib related changes may accompany dorsalization of L1?
elongated bones shaped like ribs may appear
What is the incidence of lumbar ribs in the population?
over 7% of the population demonstrates lumbar ribs
What is the gender bias associated with dorsalization of L1?
males are two to three times more affected
What L1 facet orientation changes may accompany dorsalization?
the superior articular facet may change from concave, back, upward, and medial to flat, back upward and lateral; the inferior articular facet is unchanged
What T12 facet orientation changes may accompany dorsalization?
the inferior articular facet may change from convex, forward, lateral, and downward to flat, forward, medial, and downward; the superior articular facet is unchanged
What rib-related changes may accompany lubarization of T12?
a significant shortening of the mean relative length of 113 mm of the twelfth rib or it becomes absent
What T12 facet orientation changes may accompany lumbarization?
the superior articular facet may change from flat, back, upward, and lateral to concave, back, upward, and medial; the inferior articular facet is unchanged
What T11 facet orientation changes may accompany lumbarization?
the inferior articular facet may change from flat, forward, medial, and downward to convex, lateral, and downward; the superior articular facet is unchanged
What is characteristic of lumbarization of S1?
the failure of snyostosis between S1 and S2, squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala
What unique characteristics of lumbarization of S1 were stressed in class?
squaring of the vertebral body of S1 and flaring of the sacral ala
What is failure of synostosis between S1 and S2?
the segments do no completely fuse together
What articular facet changes may accompany lumbarization of S1?
none
What is characteristic of sacralization of L5?
L5 may be partially or completely fused to the sacrum
What is the incidence of sacralization of L5 in the population?
41% to 85%
Which segment demonstrates the greatest morphological variation along the spine?
L5
What articular facet changes accompany sacralization of L5?
none
What is the incidence of variation within the sacrococcygeal region in the population?
up to 14%
What is characteristic of sacralization of Co1?
the premature fusion of Co1 to the sacrum
What is characteristic of coccygealization of S5?
the separation of S5 from sacrum and its premature fusion to Co1
What forms the spinal accessory nerve innervating the trapezius?
C1-C5 cord levels contribute to the spinal root of the spinal accessory nerve
What forms the thoracodorsal nerve innervating the latissimus dorsi?
ventral rami from C6-C8
What forms the dorsal scapular nerve?
the ventral ramus of C5
What part of the vertebra forms the osseous origin for the splenius muscles?
the spinous process
Splenius Capitis will attach to what locations on the skull?
mastoid process of temporal bone, superior nuchal line of the occipital bone
What is the innervation of the splenius capitis?
dorsal rami of middle cervical spinal nerves (C3-C5 cord levels)
Splenius cervicis will attach to what locations on the spine?
lateral mass of C1 and posterior tubercle of transverse process of C1-C4
What is the innervation of the splenius cervicis?
dorsal rami of lower cervical spinal nerves (C5-C7 cord levels)
Which muscles represent the fourth layer of the true back?
the erector spinae group or sacrospinalis muscles
Which muscles are identified as erector spinae or sacrospinalis muscles?
iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis lumborum?
spinous processes of T11-T12, L1-L5, median sacral crest, lateral sacral crest
What is the insertion for the iliocostalis lumborum?
costal angles of the lower 6-9 ribs (rib 6-rib 12 or rib 3- rib 12)
What is the innervation of the iliocostalis lumborum?
dorsal rami of lower thoracic and all lumbar spinal nerves
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum?
spinous processes of L1-L5
What is the insertion for the iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum?
iliac crest of the innominate bone
Which subdivision of the iliocostalis muscle appears to have a reversal of origin - insertion?
iliocostalis lumborum pars lumborum
What is the origin for the iliocostalis thoracis?
costal angles of the lower 6-7 ribs (rib 5 or 6-rib 12)
What is the insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis?
costal angles of the upper 6-7 ribs, transverse process of C7
What osseous part of the vertebral column serves as an insertion for the iliocostalis thoracis?
transverse process of C7
Which subdivision of the iliocostalis primarily originates and inserts on the ribs?
iliocostalis thoracis
What is the innervation of the iliocostalis thoracis?
dorsal rami of upper 6 thoracic spinal nerves (T1-T6 cord levels)
What is the origin for the iliocostalis cervicis?
costal angles of the upper 3-6 ribs (ribs 1-3 or ribs 1-6)
What is the insertion for the iliocostalis cervicis?
posterior tubercle of transverse process of C(3) C4-C6
Double check the book his answer is odd
What is the innervation of the iliocostalis cervicis?
dorsal rami of T1, T2 spinal nerves, sometimes C8 spinal nerve (C8, T1, T2 cord levels)
What muscles are classically identified as longissimus muscles?
longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis and longissimus captis
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis?
accessory process and transverse processes of L1-L5, spinous process of L3-L5 and median sacral crest S1-S3
What is the insertion for the longissimus thoracis?
transverse tubercle of all thoracic segments between tubercle and costal angle of the lower 9-10 ribs (rib2 or 3-rib 12)
Which erector spinae muscle is attached to the accessory process?
longissimus thoracis
What is the innervation of the longissimus thoracis?
dorsal rami of all thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves (cord levels T1-T12, L1-L5)
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?
accessory process and medial part of transverse process of L1-L5
What is the insertion for the longissimus thoracis pars lumborum?
posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) of the innominate bone
What osseous parts of the vertebral column site serve as an origin to the longissimus thoracis pars thoracis?
spinous processes of L3-L5 and median sacral crest S1-S3
What is the insertion for the longissimus thoracis pars thoracis?
transverse process of all thoracics, between tubercle and costal angle of all ribs (rib1-rib12)
Which subdivision of the longissimus muscle appears to have a reversal of origin-insertion?
longissimus thoracis pars lumborum
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an insertion for the longissimus cervicis?
posterior tubercle of transverse processes of C2-C6 or C7, articular processes from C2-C6 or C7
What is the innervation of the longissim cervicis?
dorsal rami of C4-C8 and T1-T2 spinal nerves (C4-C8 & T1-T2 cord levels)
What osseous parts of the vertebral column serve as an origin to the longissimus capitis?
transverse tubercle of T1-T5 and articular processes of C4-C7
What is the insertion for the longissimus capitis?
mastoid process of temporal bone
What is the innervation of the longissimus capitis?
dorsal rami of C1-C3 or C4 spinal nerves, (C1-C3 or C4 cord levels)