Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
What the four basic tissues of the human body?
Epithelial, muscle, neural and connective tissues.
What is the function of each type of bone cell?
Osteoblast - form bone
Osteocyte - maintain or nurture bone
Osteoclast - remodel bone
What is the primary constituent of ground substance?
glycosaminoglycans
What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?
chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, and hyaluronic acid
What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?
type 1 collagen
What are the primary constituents of bone mineral?
Calcium, phosphate, citrate and carbonate ions
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
hydroxyapatite
Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?
sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium, and radium
What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?
it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure and to age
Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?
mesenchyme and/or cartilage
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?
intramembranous ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?
from the second to third month in utero
What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?
the skull
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?
endochondral ossification
What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?
from the second to fifth month in utero
Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
the mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones
Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
the clavicle
What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?
primary centers of ossification appear before birth, secondary centers of ossification appear after birth
Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?
cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone
What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?
subchondral bone
What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?
the periosteum
What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?
the endosteum
What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?
sexual dimorphism (gender variation), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation) and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?
sexual dimorphism or gender variation
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?
Ontogenetic variation
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?
geographic variation or population based variation
Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?
idiosyncratic variation
What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?
long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones
What are examples of short bones?
most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?
the bone develops within a tendon
What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?
patella and pisiform
Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the axial skeleton?
flat bones, irregular bones and paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones
What are examples of flat bones?
the parietal bone and the sternum
What are examples of Irregular bones?
the vertebrae and innominate bones
What is characteristic of pneumatic bone?
air spaces within the bone
What are examples of pneumatic bone?
frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid, & temporal
What bones contain paranasal sinuses?
frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, & sphenoid
What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in spinal anatomy?
accessory and heterotopic bone
What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?
accessory bone
What are examples of accessory bone?
para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae
What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?
heterotopic bone
What are examples of heterotopic bone?
calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments
What are the four basic surface feature categories?
elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways and facets
When do the surface features of bone become prominent?
during and after puberty
What are the types of osseous elevations?
linear, rounded, and sharp
What are the types of osseous linear elevations?
the line, ridge and crest
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity and malleolus
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?
spine and process
What are the categories of osseous depressions?
linear and rounded depressions
What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?
notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus
What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?
the fovea and fossa
What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?
ostium or orifice and hiatus
What is the definition of an osseous ostium?
a round or oval opening on the surface of bone
What is the definition of an osseous hiatus?
an irregular opening on the surface of bone
What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?
foramen or canal
What is the name given to osseous ostia which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?
meatus
What are the categories of osseous facets?
flat facets and rounded facets
What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?
articular heads and articular condyles
How many bones form the typical adult appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
How many bones form the typical adult axial skeleton?
80 bones
What bones form the axial skeleton?
the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum, and ribs
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?
28 bones
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?
the cranium
What are the names given to the top of the adult skull?
the calvaria or calva
What are the categories of bone forming the typical adult skull?
the neurocranium, the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral cranium) and the auditory ossicles
What is the neurocranium?
the bones that support or protect the brain
How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?
8 bones
What bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull?
the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid
How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)?
14 bones
What is the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral cranium)?
the bones that support the face or front of the head
What bones form the facial skeleton?
mandible, vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine and zygomatic
By strict definition, what is the splanchnocranium?
the bones that support the face minus the mandible
What bones form the splanchnocranium?
vomer, nasal, maxilla, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine and zygomatic
How many bones are present in the adult hyoid?
1 bone
What is the number of bones comprising each region of the typical adult spinal column or vertebral column?
7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 1 sacrum, 1 coccyx
What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?
the spine
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?
24
What is the definition of “spine” as it pertains to the vertebral column?
the presacral region of the vertebral column or spinal column
How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?
1 bone
What regions are present along the typical adult sternum?
the manubrium sterni, the corpus sterni and the xiphoid process
How many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?
12 pairs or 24 ribs
What is the number of vertebrae in a typical adult?
26 segments ( 7 12 5 1 1)
What constitutes the spine?
the 24 presacral segments; the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae
How many segments unite to form the typical sacrum?
5 segments
How many segments unite to form the typical coccyx?
4 segments
What does the term “cervical” refer to?
the region of the neck
What is the typical number of segments in the cervical region?
7 segments
What does the term thoracic refer to?
breast plate or chest; it referred to the armor bearing region of the torso
What other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?
the dorsal segments; the dorsals
What is the typical number of segments in the dorsal or thoracic region?
12 segments
What does the term “lumbar” refer to?
the loin; the region between the rib and the hip
What is the typical number of segments in the lumbar region?
5 segments
What does the term sacrum refer to?
the holy bone or holy region
What does the term “coccyx” refer to?
a cuckoo birds bill or cuckoo birds beak
What is the length of a typical male spinal column?
about 70 centimeters or 28 inches
What is the length of a typical female spinal column?
about 60 centimeters or 25 inches
What is the difference in length between a typical male and typical female spinal column?
about 3 inches
What is the length of the male cervical region?
about 12 centimeters of 5 inches
What is the length of the male thoracic region?
about 28 centimeters or 11 inches
What is the length of the male sacrum?
about 12 centimeters or 5 inches
Based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine?
about 58 centimeters or 23 inches
How does the vertebral column participate in protection of neural tissues?
the spinal cord and beginning PNS are located within the vertebral segments
How does the vertebral column participate in protection of the viscera?
ribs are attached to vertebrae to form the thorax thus protecting the heart and lungs
What parts of the body are supported by the vertebral column?
the head, upper extremities, ribs, viscera, and pelvis
How does the vertebral column participate in skeletal formation?
ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template
What levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weight-bearing transfer?
S1-S3 at the auricular surface
Distinguish between motion and locomotion
motion is movement without travel; locomotion is movement to a new site or location
What is specifically responsible for shape and position of the human frame?
comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the vertebral body and comparative anterior vs. posterior height of the intervertebral disc
What organ(s) is(are) specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?
the eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
How is the vertebral column involved in stabilization of visceral function?
integrity of the spinal column enhances appropriate nerve system control of viscera
When does the embryonic disc form?
second week in utero
When does granulation occur or a 3 layered embryo form?
third week in utero
Invagination of ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?
notochord
What is the name given to the mesoderm that will give rise to the vertebral column?
paraxial mesoderm
What does paraxial mesoderm give rise to that will form the vertebral column?
somites
Name the areas of cellular differentiation formed within the somite
sclerotome, myotome, and dermatome
What part of the somite will give rise to the vertebral column?
sclerotome
List, in order, the names of the successive vertebral columns formed during development
membranous, cartilaginous, skeletal or osseous
Migration of sclerotomes to surround the notochord forms what developmental feature?
the perichordal blastema
The perichordal blastema gives rise to what processes?
neural processes and costal processes
What is the name of the artery located between adjacent perichordal blastemae?
intersegmental artery
Cell proliferation within the perichordal blastema will result in what features?
a loose cranial sclerotomite and a dense caudal sclerotomite
What forms between the sclerotomites of a perichordal blastema?
the intrasclerotomal fissure ( fissure of von ebner)
The intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von ebner) gives rise to what developmental feature?
the perichordal disc
The perichordal is in the presumptive location of what adult feature?
the intervertebral disc
What is the earliest embryonic feature that will identify the position of the adult intervertebral disc?
the intrasclerotomal fissure (fissure of von ebner)
The union of a dense caudal sclerotomite and a loose cranial sclerotomite from adjacent perichordal blastamae gives rise to what feature?
the vertebral blastema
What vessel will be identified adjacent to the vertebral blastema?
the segmental artery
When will cartilage first form in the membranous vertebral blastemal?
beginning in the 6th embryonic week
What is the name given to the replacement of mesoderm by cartilage?
chondrification
Chondrification is first identified in which region of the embryonic vertebral column?
The cervical region
What are the names given to the centers of chondrification within the vertebral blastema?
centrum center, neural arch center, transverse process center
How many centers of chondrification typically appear in the vertebral blastema?
six…2 for the centrum, 2 for the neural arch, 2 for each transverse process
What is the earliest time that centers of ossification appear in the cartilaginous vertebra?
during the 7th embryonic week
Ossification begins in which region of the embryonic vertebral column?
the lower cervical-upper thoracic region
What is the ratio of primary to secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?
3 primary centers, 5 secondary centers
What are the names of the primary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?
centrum centers and neural arch centers
How many primary centers of ossification appear in the typical vertebra?
three…1 for the centrum, 2 for the neural arches
What is the classification of the joint forming between primary centers of ossification?
cartilage synchondrosis/ amphiarthrosis synchondrosis
What are the names of the synchondroses forming between primary centers of ossification in the typical vertebra?
neurocentral synchondrosis and neural arch synchondrosis
What are the names of the five secondary centers of ossification for a typical vertebra?
tip of the transverse, tip of the spinous process, epiphyseal plate centers
How many secondary centers of ossification appear in the typical vertebra?
five… 1 for the tip of each transverse process, 1 for the tip of the spinous process, 1 for each epiphyseal plate
What are the names of the synchondroses forming between secondary centers of ossification and the rest of the typical vertebra?
tip of the transverse process synchondrosis, tip of the spinous process synchondrosis, and epiphyseal ring synchondrosis
What is the range of appearance for secondary centers of ossification of a typical vertebra?
during puberty, typically ages 11-16 years old
What are the three basic osseous parts of a vertebra?
the vertebral body, vertebral arch, and the apophyseal regions
What is formed by the vertebral body and vertebral arch?
the vertebral foramen
What is the general shape of the vertebral body at each region of the spine?
Cervical - rectangular; thoracic - triangular; lumbar - reniform
What is the name given to the compact bone at the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral body?
superior epiphyseal rim, inferior epiphyseal rim
What is the name given to the cartilage found at the superior and inferior surface of a developing vertebral body?
superior epiphyseal plate, inferior epiphyseal plate
What are the names of the openings found around the margins of the vertebral body?
nutrient foramina or vascular foramina
What large opening is usually observed at the back of the vertebral body?
the basivertebral venous foramen
What is the name of the vessel entering the nutrient of vascular foramen?
osseous artery
What is the name given to the large vessel exiting the back of the vertebral body?
the basivertebral vein
What is the semicircular region of bone attached to the back of the vertebral body called?
the vertebral arch
What is the name given to the anterior part of the vertebral arch?
the pedicle
What is the name given to the posterior part of the vertebral arch?
the lamina
What is the name given to the intermediate part of the vertebral arch where the transverse process and articular processes attach?
the lamina-pedicle junction
What is the name of the feature located at the upper and lower surfaces of the pedicle?
the superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure;
the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
What is the generic orientation of the pedicle at each region of the spine?
cervical - posterolateral
thoracic - posterior, slight lateral
lumbar - posterior
All lamina are oriented in what direction?
posterior and medial
What is the name given to the overlap of laminae seen on xray?
shingling
What ligament will attach to the lamina?
the ligamentum flavum
What is the name given to abnormal bone at the attachment site of the ligamentum flavum?
para-articular process
What classification of bone will para-articular processes represent?
accessory bone
What is the name given to the lamina - pedicle junction at each region of the spine?
cervical - articular pillar; thoracic and lumbar - pars interarticularis
What is the name given to the junction of the vertebral arch - spinous process on lateral x-ray?
the spinolaminar junction
What is the name given to the tubular bone growth regions of the vertebral arch?
the apophyseal regions
What names may be given to each apophysis of the spine?
the transverse apophysis or transverse process; articular apophysis or articular process; spinous apophysis or spinous process
What is the generic orientation of the transverse process or transverse apophysis at each region of the spine?
cervical - anterolateral; thoracic - posterolateral; lumbar - lateral
All non-rib bearing vertebra of the spine retain what equivalent feature?
the costal element
What is the name given to the rounded elevation at the end of the transverse apophysis or transverse process?
the transverse tubercle
What will cause the transverse process / transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the cervical region?
cervical spinal nerves are pulled forward and downward to form the cervical and brachial nerve plexuses thus remodeling the transverse process to accommodate their new position
What will cause the transverse process / transverse apophysis to alter its initial direction in the thoracic region?
the growth of the lungs remodel the shape of the ribs which in turn push the transverse processes backward
What will the articular process/articular apophysis support?
the articular facet
What is the name given to the joint formed between articular facets of a vertebral couple?
the zygapophysis
What is the name given to the bone surface at the front of a zygapophysis?
the superior articular facet
What is the name given to the bone surface at the back of a zygapophysis?
the inferior articular facet
What names are given to the part of the vertebra which supports the front of the zygaphophysis?
the superior articular apophysis, the superior articular process, or the pre-zygapophysis
What names are given to the part of the vertebra which supports the back of the zygapophysis?
the inferior articular apophysis, the inferior articular process, or the post zygapophysis
In the vertebral couple, the part of the vertebra which lies anterior to the zygapophysis is called the ____?
pre-zygapophysis
In the vertebral couple, the part of the vertebra which lies posterior to the zygapophysis is called the ____?
post-zygapophysis
What is the name given to the part of the vertebra forming the pre-zygapophysis?
the superior articular process or superior articular apophysis