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Biol 220, Human Anatomy > Lecture exam 3 > Flashcards

Lecture exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of glands are ductless and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

A

endocrine

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2
Q

What are the two systems necessary to maintaining homeostasis

A

The endocrine and nervous system

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3
Q

hormones can only affect cells with the appropriate _______

A

receptors

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4
Q

Protein hormones are classified as what?

A

peptide hormones

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5
Q

Hormones synthesized from cholesterol are classified as what?

A

steroid hormones

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6
Q

Hormones synthesized from an amino acid are classified as what?

A

biogenic amines

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7
Q

what starts the process of a feedback loop?

A

a stimulus

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8
Q

What kind of feedback loop is intended to reverse the effect of the stimulus?

A

negative

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9
Q

What kind of feedback loop is intended to enhance and accelerate the effect of the stimulus?

A

positive

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10
Q

What endocrine gland is considered the master gland of the endocrine system?

A

the hypothalamus

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11
Q

what gland secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones?

A

the posterior pituitary gland

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12
Q

What is the structure that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

the infundibulum

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13
Q

hypophyses is another name for which gland?

A

the pituitary gland

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14
Q

the hypothalamo hypophyseal portal system allows regulatory hormones to travel through what?

A

blood vessels

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15
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) targets what?

A

the thyroid gland

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16
Q

Prolactin (PRL) targets what?

A

the mammary gland (milk production)

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17
Q

Adrenocoricotropin (ACTH) targets what?

A

the adrenal gland

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18
Q

Growth Hormone (GH) targets what?

A

Muscles and bone

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19
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) targets what?

A

the gonads

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20
Q

Lutenizing hormone (LH) targets what?

A

the gonads

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21
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) stimulates what?

A

melanocytes in the skin

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22
Q

low growth hormone results in what condition?

A

pituitary dwarfism

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23
Q

high growth hormone from the time of birth results in what condition?

A

pituitary giantism

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24
Q

High growth hormone that develops in adulthood results in what condition?

A

acromegaly

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25
Q

the hypothalamo hypophyseal tract connects the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary through what?

A

neurons

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26
Q

The pars nervosa is a portion of which endocrine gland?

A

the posterior pituitary

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27
Q

Which endocrine gland is butterfly shaped?

A

the thyroid gland

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28
Q

what is the midline of the thyroid gland called?

A

isthmus

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29
Q

what is the functional unit of the thyroid gland called?

A

the thyroid follicle

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30
Q

what is colloid?

A

stored thyroglobulin (TGB) from the thyroid gland

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31
Q

What condition is the result of excess thyroid hormone secretion?

A

hyperthyroidism

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32
Q

what condition is the result of low thyroid hormone secretion?

A

hypothyroidism

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33
Q

is graves disease the result of hypo- or hyper- thyroidism?

A

hyperthyroidism

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34
Q

what symptoms are associated with hyperthyroidism?

A

weight loss, sweating, and insomnia

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35
Q

what symptoms are associated with hypothyroidism?

A

weight gain, cold, lethargy

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36
Q

On what surface of the thyroid can you find the parathyroid glands?

A

the posterior surface

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37
Q

What mineral does parathyroid hormone (PHT) regulate

A

calcium

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38
Q

Where can the adrenal glands be found?

A

the superior border of the kidneys

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39
Q

The outer layer of the adrenal gland is called what?

A

the adrenal cortex

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40
Q

the inner layer of the adrenal gland is called what?

A

the adrenal medulla

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41
Q

what part of a gland produces cortisol and androgens?

A

the adrenal cortex

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42
Q

Where is norepinephrine and epinephrine produced?

A

the adrenal medulla

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43
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

between the duodenum and spleen, posterior to the stomach

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44
Q

which gland is both endocrine and exocrine?

A

the pancreas

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45
Q

what kind of cells compose 99% of the pancreas?

A

pancreatic acini

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46
Q

What kind of cells only compose about 1% of the pancreas?

A

pancreatic islet cells

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47
Q

what kind of cells are responsible for the regulation of blood glucose?

A

pancreatic islet cells

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48
Q

what kind of cells produce glucagon?

A

alpha cells

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49
Q

what is the purpose of glucagon?

A

to increase blood glucose

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50
Q

what kind of cells produce insulin?

A

beta cells

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51
Q

what is the purpose of insulin?

A

to decrease blood sugar

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52
Q

what kind of cells produce somatostatin?

A

delta cells

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53
Q

what is the purpose of somatostatin?

A

slowing insulin and glucagon release to slow nutrient absorption

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54
Q

what kind of cells produce pancreatic polypeptide?

A

F cells

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55
Q

what is the purpose of pancreatic polypeptide?

A

supress the secretion of delta cells

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56
Q

What are the four functions of the circulatory system?

A

repiration, nutrition, protection, and collection of waste products

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57
Q

What kind of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue

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58
Q

What percent of a humans body weight is blood?

A

7-8%

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59
Q

What component of blood composes 44% of the total volume?

A

erythrocytes

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60
Q

what component of blood composes 1% of the total volume?

A

Buffy coat- platelets/WBCs

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61
Q

what component of blood composes 55% of the total volume?

A

plasma

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62
Q

What composes 92% of plasma’s volume?

A

water

63
Q

What composes 7% of plasma’s volume?

A

plasma proteins

64
Q

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and regulatory proteins are all examples of proteins found where?

A

in plasma

65
Q

What is erythropoesis?

A

the process of erythrocyte production

66
Q

What is an erythrocyte?

A

a red blood cell

67
Q

Where is hemoglobin found?

A

in erythrocytes

68
Q

What is the responsibility of hemoglobin?

A

transporting oxygen in the blood

69
Q

How many molecules of oxygen can each molecule of hemoglobin transport?

A

4

70
Q

What is a leukocyte?

A

A white blood cell

71
Q

What type of cell initiates immune responses?

A

leukocytes

72
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

leukocytes squeezing out of blood vessels and entering a tissue

73
Q

what is chemotaxis?

A

the attraction between leukocytes and a site of infection

74
Q

The platelet producing cells found in red bone marrow are called what?

A

megakaryocytes

75
Q

what is the responsibility of platelets?

A

blood clotting

76
Q

Where do arteries carry blood?

A

away from the heart

77
Q

Where do veins carry blood?

A

back to the heart

78
Q

What are capillaries?

A

The end point of arteries that eventually become veins

79
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A

the inner layer of a blood vessel

80
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

the smooth muscle middle layer of a blood vessel

81
Q

What is the tunica externa?

A

the connective tissue outer layer of a blood vessel that anchors it to an organ

82
Q

Are valves found is veins or arteries?

A

veins

83
Q

What is our conscious awareness to stimuli called?

A

sensation

84
Q

A receptor that senses temperature, pain, touch, stretch, and pressure is what kind?

A

general sense

85
Q

a receptor that senses gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and audition, is what kind?

A

special senses

86
Q

Where can receptors for the special senses be found?

A

in the head

87
Q

A receptor that is found in the skin or mucous membranes is what kind?

A

exteroceptor

88
Q

What kind of receptor is found in the walls of the viscera?

A

interoceptors

89
Q

What kind of receptor is found in muscles, tendons, and joints?

A

proprioceptors

90
Q

what kind of receptor detect changes in dissolved molecules?

A

chemoreceptors

91
Q

what kind of receptors detect changes in temperature

A

thermoreceptors

92
Q

what kind of receptors detect changes in light?

A

photoreceptors

93
Q

what kind of receptors detect physical deformation from touch, pressure, vibration, or stretch

A

mechanoreceptors

94
Q

what kind of receptors detect changes in pressure within body structures?

A

baroreceptors

95
Q

what kind of receptors detect tissue damage and pain?

A

nociceptors

96
Q

What is gustation the sense of?

A

taste

97
Q

What type of taste bud is most abundant?

A

bitter

98
Q

What is the dendritic ending of a gustatory cell called?

A

gustatory microvillus or taste hair

99
Q

What is olfaction the sense of?

A

smell

100
Q

What part of the body is composed of olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and basal cells?

A

the olfactory epithelium

101
Q

What are the nerve endings at the apical end of olfactory receptor cells called?

A

olfactory hairs

102
Q

What type of receptors are found in the eye?

A

photoreceptors

103
Q

What does the sclera and cornea compose?

A

the fibrous tunic

104
Q

What does the iris, ciliary body, and choroid compose?

A

the vascular tunic

105
Q

What does the pigmented layer and neural layer compose?

A

the retina

106
Q

What part of the eye supplies nutrients and oxygen to the retina?

A

the choroid

107
Q

Does the fovea centralis contain more cones or rods?

A

cones

108
Q

Where is the anterior cavity of the eye found?

A

between the lens and the cornea

109
Q

what fills the anterior cavity of the eye?

A

aqueous humour

110
Q

Where is the posterior cavity of the eye found?

A

between the lens and retina

111
Q

What fills the posterior cavity of the eye?

A

vitreous humor

112
Q

What kind of cells compose the innermost layer of the retina?

A

ganglion cells

113
Q

What is the scientific name of ear wax?

A

cerumen

114
Q

What structure detects balance and rotation?

A

the vestibular complex

115
Q

what structure is the hearing organ?

A

the cochlea

116
Q

What is the job of maculae?

A

sensory receptors to detect changes in balance and rotation

117
Q

How are changes in position detected?

A

the bending of stereocilia and kinocilium when the head moves position

118
Q

Where is the grey matter found in the spinal cord?

A

the inner portion

119
Q

Where is the white matter found in the spinal cord?

A

the outer portion

120
Q

Where in the spinal cord are the somatic motor neurons found?

A

the anterior horns

121
Q

where in the spinal cord are the autonomic motor neurons found?

A

in the lateral horns

122
Q

Where in the spinal cord are the sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons found?

A

the posterior horns

123
Q

Where are the sensory nuclei found?

A

The posterior horns

124
Q

Where are the motor nuclei found?

A

the anterior horns

125
Q

where are the autonomic motor nuclei found?

A

the lateral horns

126
Q

In which root can the motor axons be found?

A

the anterior roots

127
Q

In which root can the sensory axons be found?

A

the posterior roots

128
Q

Which ramus innervates the deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back?

A

the posterior ramus

129
Q

Which ramus innervates the trunk and the limbs?

A

the anterior ramus

130
Q

What is a nerve plexus?

A

a network of intersecting nerves

131
Q

What is the rami communicantes?

A

The part that splits off the anterior ramus that extends between the spinal nerve and sympathetic trunk ganglion

132
Q

What is the path of a reflex arc? (three steps)

A

starts at a receptor in PNS, comminucates with the CNS, and ends at a peripheral effector?

133
Q

What portion of the nervous system governs involuntary actions?

A

the autonomic nervous system

134
Q

Which portion of the nervous system are the sympathetic and parasympathetic subsystems of?

A

the autonomic nervous system

135
Q

What is autonomic tone?

A

the natural balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system and how they are both active simultaneously

136
Q

Which subsystem of the autonomic nervous system is triggered by emergency factors (fight or flight)?

A

the sympathetic nervous system

137
Q

Which subsystem of the autonomic nervous system is active during “rest and digest” times?

A

the parasympathetic nervous system

138
Q

Which division of the ANS has a longer postganglionic axon?

A

the sympathetic nervous system

139
Q

Which division of the ANS releases norephinephrine?

A

the sympathetic nervous system

140
Q

What fills the brain ventricles

A

cerebral spinal fluid

141
Q

Where is cerebral spinal fluid made?

A

the choroid plexus

142
Q

What are the ridges of the brain called?

A

the gyri

143
Q

What separates adjacent gyri of the brain?

A

sulci and fissures

144
Q

What is the main tract that connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

A

the corpus callosum

145
Q

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for voluntary motor function, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, and personality

A

the frontal lobe

146
Q

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for general sensory functions such as detecting pain, pressure, and temperature

A

the parietal lobes

147
Q

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for hearing and smell?

A

the temporal lobes

148
Q

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for processing vision and storing visual memories?

A

the occipital lobe

149
Q

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for the memory and interpretation of taste?

A

the insular lobe

150
Q

What are the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus components of?

A

the diencephalon

151
Q

Where can the pineal gland and habenular nuclei be found?

A

in the epithalamus

152
Q

What is the name of the grey matter structure that connects the right and left thalamic bodies?

A

the interthalamic adhesion (or intermediate mass)

153
Q

What part of the brain is the final relay point for sensory information?

A

the thalamus

154
Q

What is the function of leptin?

A

it tells the brain if you are full/satiated

Biol 220, Human Anatomy (5 decks)

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