Lecture exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What kind of glands are ductless and secrete hormones into the bloodstream
A
endocrine
2
Q
What are the two systems necessary to maintaining homeostasis
A
The endocrine and nervous system
3
Q
hormones can only affect cells with the appropriate _______
A
receptors
4
Q
Protein hormones are classified as what?
A
peptide hormones
5
Q
Hormones synthesized from cholesterol are classified as what?
A
steroid hormones
6
Q
Hormones synthesized from an amino acid are classified as what?
A
biogenic amines
7
Q
what starts the process of a feedback loop?
A
a stimulus
8
Q
What kind of feedback loop is intended to reverse the effect of the stimulus?
A
negative
9
Q
What kind of feedback loop is intended to enhance and accelerate the effect of the stimulus?
A
positive
10
Q
What endocrine gland is considered the master gland of the endocrine system?
A
the hypothalamus
11
Q
what gland secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones?
A
the posterior pituitary gland
12
Q
What is the structure that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?
A
the infundibulum
13
Q
hypophyses is another name for which gland?
A
the pituitary gland
14
Q
the hypothalamo hypophyseal portal system allows regulatory hormones to travel through what?
A
blood vessels
15
Q
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) targets what?
A
the thyroid gland
16
Q
Prolactin (PRL) targets what?
A
the mammary gland (milk production)
17
Q
Adrenocoricotropin (ACTH) targets what?
A
the adrenal gland
18
Q
Growth Hormone (GH) targets what?
A
Muscles and bone
19
Q
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) targets what?
A
the gonads
20
Q
Lutenizing hormone (LH) targets what?
A
the gonads
21
Q
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) stimulates what?
A
melanocytes in the skin
22
Q
low growth hormone results in what condition?
A
pituitary dwarfism
23
Q
high growth hormone from the time of birth results in what condition?
A
pituitary giantism
24
Q
High growth hormone that develops in adulthood results in what condition?
A
acromegaly
25
the hypothalamo hypophyseal tract connects the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary through what?
neurons
26
The pars nervosa is a portion of which endocrine gland?
the posterior pituitary
27
Which endocrine gland is butterfly shaped?
the thyroid gland
28
what is the midline of the thyroid gland called?
isthmus
29
what is the functional unit of the thyroid gland called?
the thyroid follicle
30
what is colloid?
stored thyroglobulin (TGB) from the thyroid gland
31
What condition is the result of excess thyroid hormone secretion?
hyperthyroidism
32
what condition is the result of low thyroid hormone secretion?
hypothyroidism
33
is graves disease the result of hypo- or hyper- thyroidism?
hyperthyroidism
34
what symptoms are associated with hyperthyroidism?
weight loss, sweating, and insomnia
35
what symptoms are associated with hypothyroidism?
weight gain, cold, lethargy
36
On what surface of the thyroid can you find the parathyroid glands?
the posterior surface
37
What mineral does parathyroid hormone (PHT) regulate
calcium
38
Where can the adrenal glands be found?
the superior border of the kidneys
39
The outer layer of the adrenal gland is called what?
the adrenal cortex
40
the inner layer of the adrenal gland is called what?
the adrenal medulla
41
what part of a gland produces cortisol and androgens?
the adrenal cortex
42
Where is norepinephrine and epinephrine produced?
the adrenal medulla
43
Where is the pancreas located?
between the duodenum and spleen, posterior to the stomach
44
which gland is both endocrine and exocrine?
the pancreas
45
what kind of cells compose 99% of the pancreas?
pancreatic acini
46
What kind of cells only compose about 1% of the pancreas?
pancreatic islet cells
47
what kind of cells are responsible for the regulation of blood glucose?
pancreatic islet cells
48
what kind of cells produce glucagon?
alpha cells
49
what is the purpose of glucagon?
to increase blood glucose
50
what kind of cells produce insulin?
beta cells
51
what is the purpose of insulin?
to decrease blood sugar
52
what kind of cells produce somatostatin?
delta cells
53
what is the purpose of somatostatin?
slowing insulin and glucagon release to slow nutrient absorption
54
what kind of cells produce pancreatic polypeptide?
F cells
55
what is the purpose of pancreatic polypeptide?
supress the secretion of delta cells
56
What are the four functions of the circulatory system?
repiration, nutrition, protection, and collection of waste products
57
What kind of tissue is blood?
connective tissue
58
What percent of a humans body weight is blood?
7-8%
59
What component of blood composes 44% of the total volume?
erythrocytes
60
what component of blood composes 1% of the total volume?
Buffy coat- platelets/WBCs
61
what component of blood composes 55% of the total volume?
plasma
62
What composes 92% of plasma's volume?
water
63
What composes 7% of plasma's volume?
plasma proteins
64
Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, and regulatory proteins are all examples of proteins found where?
in plasma
65
What is erythropoesis?
the process of erythrocyte production
66
What is an erythrocyte?
a red blood cell
67
Where is hemoglobin found?
in erythrocytes
68
What is the responsibility of hemoglobin?
transporting oxygen in the blood
69
How many molecules of oxygen can each molecule of hemoglobin transport?
4
70
What is a leukocyte?
A white blood cell
71
What type of cell initiates immune responses?
leukocytes
72
What is diapedesis?
leukocytes squeezing out of blood vessels and entering a tissue
73
what is chemotaxis?
the attraction between leukocytes and a site of infection
74
The platelet producing cells found in red bone marrow are called what?
megakaryocytes
75
what is the responsibility of platelets?
blood clotting
76
Where do arteries carry blood?
away from the heart
77
Where do veins carry blood?
back to the heart
78
What are capillaries?
The end point of arteries that eventually become veins
79
What is the tunica intima?
the inner layer of a blood vessel
80
What is the tunica media?
the smooth muscle middle layer of a blood vessel
81
What is the tunica externa?
the connective tissue outer layer of a blood vessel that anchors it to an organ
82
Are valves found is veins or arteries?
veins
83
What is our conscious awareness to stimuli called?
sensation
84
A receptor that senses temperature, pain, touch, stretch, and pressure is what kind?
general sense
85
a receptor that senses gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium, and audition, is what kind?
special senses
86
Where can receptors for the special senses be found?
in the head
87
A receptor that is found in the skin or mucous membranes is what kind?
exteroceptor
88
What kind of receptor is found in the walls of the viscera?
interoceptors
89
What kind of receptor is found in muscles, tendons, and joints?
proprioceptors
90
what kind of receptor detect changes in dissolved molecules?
chemoreceptors
91
what kind of receptors detect changes in temperature
thermoreceptors
92
what kind of receptors detect changes in light?
photoreceptors
93
what kind of receptors detect physical deformation from touch, pressure, vibration, or stretch
mechanoreceptors
94
what kind of receptors detect changes in pressure within body structures?
baroreceptors
95
what kind of receptors detect tissue damage and pain?
nociceptors
96
What is gustation the sense of?
taste
97
What type of taste bud is most abundant?
bitter
98
What is the dendritic ending of a gustatory cell called?
gustatory microvillus or taste hair
99
What is olfaction the sense of?
smell
100
What part of the body is composed of olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and basal cells?
the olfactory epithelium
101
What are the nerve endings at the apical end of olfactory receptor cells called?
olfactory hairs
102
What type of receptors are found in the eye?
photoreceptors
103
What does the sclera and cornea compose?
the fibrous tunic
104
What does the iris, ciliary body, and choroid compose?
the vascular tunic
105
What does the pigmented layer and neural layer compose?
the retina
106
What part of the eye supplies nutrients and oxygen to the retina?
the choroid
107
Does the fovea centralis contain more cones or rods?
cones
108
Where is the anterior cavity of the eye found?
between the lens and the cornea
109
what fills the anterior cavity of the eye?
aqueous humour
110
Where is the posterior cavity of the eye found?
between the lens and retina
111
What fills the posterior cavity of the eye?
vitreous humor
112
What kind of cells compose the innermost layer of the retina?
ganglion cells
113
What is the scientific name of ear wax?
cerumen
114
What structure detects balance and rotation?
the vestibular complex
115
what structure is the hearing organ?
the cochlea
116
What is the job of maculae?
sensory receptors to detect changes in balance and rotation
117
How are changes in position detected?
the bending of stereocilia and kinocilium when the head moves position
118
Where is the grey matter found in the spinal cord?
the inner portion
119
Where is the white matter found in the spinal cord?
the outer portion
120
Where in the spinal cord are the somatic motor neurons found?
the anterior horns
121
where in the spinal cord are the autonomic motor neurons found?
in the lateral horns
122
Where in the spinal cord are the sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons found?
the posterior horns
123
Where are the sensory nuclei found?
The posterior horns
124
Where are the motor nuclei found?
the anterior horns
125
where are the autonomic motor nuclei found?
the lateral horns
126
In which root can the motor axons be found?
the anterior roots
127
In which root can the sensory axons be found?
the posterior roots
128
Which ramus innervates the deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back?
the posterior ramus
129
Which ramus innervates the trunk and the limbs?
the anterior ramus
130
What is a nerve plexus?
a network of intersecting nerves
131
What is the rami communicantes?
The part that splits off the anterior ramus that extends between the spinal nerve and sympathetic trunk ganglion
132
What is the path of a reflex arc? (three steps)
starts at a receptor in PNS, comminucates with the CNS, and ends at a peripheral effector?
133
What portion of the nervous system governs involuntary actions?
the autonomic nervous system
134
Which portion of the nervous system are the sympathetic and parasympathetic subsystems of?
the autonomic nervous system
135
What is autonomic tone?
the natural balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system and how they are both active simultaneously
136
Which subsystem of the autonomic nervous system is triggered by emergency factors (fight or flight)?
the sympathetic nervous system
137
Which subsystem of the autonomic nervous system is active during "rest and digest" times?
the parasympathetic nervous system
138
Which division of the ANS has a longer postganglionic axon?
the sympathetic nervous system
139
Which division of the ANS releases norephinephrine?
the sympathetic nervous system
140
What fills the brain ventricles
cerebral spinal fluid
141
Where is cerebral spinal fluid made?
the choroid plexus
142
What are the ridges of the brain called?
the gyri
143
What separates adjacent gyri of the brain?
sulci and fissures
144
What is the main tract that connects the two hemispheres of the brain?
the corpus callosum
145
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for voluntary motor function, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, and personality
the frontal lobe
146
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for general sensory functions such as detecting pain, pressure, and temperature
the parietal lobes
147
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for hearing and smell?
the temporal lobes
148
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for processing vision and storing visual memories?
the occipital lobe
149
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for the memory and interpretation of taste?
the insular lobe
150
What are the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus components of?
the diencephalon
151
Where can the pineal gland and habenular nuclei be found?
in the epithalamus
152
What is the name of the grey matter structure that connects the right and left thalamic bodies?
the interthalamic adhesion (or intermediate mass)
153
What part of the brain is the final relay point for sensory information?
the thalamus
154
What is the function of leptin?
it tells the brain if you are full/satiated
