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Biol 220, Human Anatomy > Lecture Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Bone matrix is composed 1/3 of ___A___ components and 2/3 of ____B_____ components

A

A. Organic
B. Inorganic

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2
Q

Bone salt crystals (inorganic components of bone matrix) are called what?

A

Hydroxyapatite

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3
Q

A basic unit of mature compact bone is called what?

A

Osteon

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4
Q

The canaliculi of the osteon is found where and has what function?

A

Found between lacunae, functions to allow metabolic interactions between osteocytes

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5
Q

Intramembranous ossification happens where?

A

Within the mesanchyme

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6
Q

Endochondral ossification (bone development) happens where?

A

From hyaline cartilage

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7
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate of a bone?

A

The layer of hyaline cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis where bone lengthens from

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8
Q

What is interstitial growth in bone?

A

Growth in length

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9
Q

What is appositional growth in bone?

A

Growth in diameter

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10
Q

Where does appositional growth in bone occur?

A

In the periosteum

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11
Q

Mechanical stress by exercising ___?____ bone density
A. Increases
B. Decreases

A

Increases (increased osteoblast activity)

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12
Q

what major bone structures compose the axial skeleton?

A

the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

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13
Q

what major bone structures compose the appendicular skeleton?

A

the shoulder, hip, and upper and lower extremities

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14
Q

what is a paranasal sinus?

A

an air filled space in skull bones

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15
Q

what are the 3 major purposes of the paranasal sinuses?

A

humidifying/warming the air we breathe, providing resonance to the voice, and reducing skull weight

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16
Q

what 4 bones contain a paranasal sinus?

A

the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

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17
Q

what 4 bones form the nasal septum?

A

the ethmoid, vomer, maxilla, and palatine bones

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18
Q

what is the hard palate of the oral cavity formed by?

A

the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone.

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19
Q

the palate separates which two cavities?

A

the oral and nasal cavities

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20
Q

how many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

A

26

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21
Q

what three types of vertebrae and two types of several fused vertebrae are there in the spine? (superior to inferior)

A

cervical>thoracic>lumbar, fused: sacrum>coccyx

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22
Q

how many bones compose the vertebral column?

A

26

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23
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

7

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24
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

A

12

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25
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

A

5

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26
Q

what direction does the cervical curvature curve?

A

anteriorly

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27
Q

what direction does the thoracic curvature curve?

A

posteriorly

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28
Q

what direction does the lumbar curvature curve?

A

anteriorly

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29
Q

what direction does the sacral curvature curve?

A

posteriorly

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30
Q

what is lordosis?

A

abnormal lumbar curvature (often associated with being overweight or pregnant)

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31
Q

what is scoliosis?

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

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32
Q

what kind of tissue are intervertebral discs composed of?

A

cartilage

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33
Q

what is the outer ring of cartilage in an intervertebral disk called?

A

anulus fibrosus

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34
Q

what is the inner circular region of cartilage in an intervertebral disc called?

A

nucleus pulposus

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35
Q

what is the purpose of intervertebral discs?

A

to absorb shock

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36
Q

how many bones compose the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

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37
Q

how many bones compose the pectoral girdle?

A

4

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38
Q

how many bones compose the upper limbs?

A

60

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39
Q

how many bones compose the pelvic girdle?

A

2

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40
Q

how many bones compose the lower limbs?

A

60

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41
Q

what is the brachial region?

A

the area between the shoulder and elbow

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42
Q

what is the antebracial region?

A

the area between the elbow and wrist

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43
Q

what is the name of the dense regular connective tissue that maintains distance between the radius and ulna?

A

the interosseus membrane

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44
Q

what kind of tissue is the interosseus membrane composed of?

A

dense regular connective tissue

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45
Q

when in anatomic position, the bones of the forearm are said to be in ______

A

supination

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46
Q

when the palm faces posteriorly the position of the forearm is said to be in _______

A

pronation

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47
Q

which bone is the longest, strongest, and heaviest in the body?

A

the femur

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48
Q

what is the crural region?

A

the lower leg where the tibia and fibula are

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49
Q

which bone is the only weight bearing bone in the leg?

A

the tibia

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50
Q

does the fibula articulate with the tibia?

A

yes

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51
Q

does the fibula articulate with the femur?

A

no

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52
Q

what is the purpose of the arches of the foot?

A

to prevent pinching of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels in the foot.

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53
Q

the medial arch of the foot is where?

A

from heel to hallx

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54
Q

the lateral arch of the foot is where?

A

from heel to fifth toe

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55
Q

the transverse arch of the foot is where?

A

perpendicular to the other arches along the distal row of tarsals

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56
Q

what is polydactyly?

A

the condition of having extra fingers or toes

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57
Q

what is ectrodactyly?

A

the condition of missing fingers or toes

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58
Q

what is syndactyly?

A

abnormal fusion of digits;webbing

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59
Q

what is meromelia/melia?

A

partial or complete absence of limbs

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60
Q

what is phocomelia?

A

short, poorly formed limbs that resemble a flipper

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61
Q

what three things might a bone meet at an articulation?

A

another bone, cartilage, or teeth

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62
Q

a joint that is more mobile is less _____

A

stable

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63
Q

fibrous joints are held together by what?

A

collagen fibers

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64
Q

cartilaginous joints are held together by what?

A

cartilage

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65
Q

synovial joints are separated by what?

A

fluid

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66
Q

a joint held together by collagen fibers is what type of joint?

A

fibrous

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67
Q

a joint held together by cartilage is what type of joint?

A

cartilaginous

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68
Q

a joint held together by fluid is what type of joint?

A

synovial

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69
Q

how mobile is a synarthrosis (type of joint)

A

immobile

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70
Q

how mobile is a amphiarthroses (type of joint)

A

slightly mobile

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71
Q

how mobile is a diarthroses (type of joint)

A

freely mobile

72
Q

do fibrous joints have a joint cavity?

A

no

73
Q

fibrous joints are filled with what?

A

collagen fibers

74
Q

a gomphoses is found where?

A

attaching the teeth to the maxilla and mandible

75
Q

where is a suture found?

A

between skull bones

76
Q

where is a syndemoses found?

A

between parallel bones (such as the tibia and fibula or the radius and ulna)

77
Q

do cartilaginous joints have a joint cavity?

A

no

78
Q

what kind of cartilage joins a synchondroses

A

hyaline cartilage

79
Q

what kind of cartilage joins a symphosis?

A

fibrocartilage

80
Q

do synovial joints have a joint cavity?

A

yes

81
Q

what two layers compose the articular capsule of a synovial joint?

A

the outer fibrous layer, and the inner synovial layer/membrane

82
Q

where can vasculature be found in a synovial joint?

A

embedded in the articular capsule

83
Q

what is the purpose of the joint cavity of a synovial joint?

A

physical separation of articulating bones

84
Q

what are the three functions of synovial fluid in a synovial joint?

A

lubricating articular cartilages, nourishing the articular cartilage’s chondrocytes, and absorbing shock during joint compression.

85
Q

what kind of cartilage covers the articular surfaces in a synovial joint?

A

hyaline cartilage

86
Q

what part of the synovial joint connects bone to bone?

A

the ligaments

87
Q

what are bursae?

A

sacs outside synovial joints where structures rub

88
Q

what is a tendon sheath?

A

elongated bursae around tendons in confines ares where tendons rub each other

89
Q

synovial joints are classified physiologically by what?

A

the number of movements allowed

90
Q

synovial joints are classified anatomically by what?

A

the shape of articulating surfaces

91
Q

uniaxial synovial joints move in how many planes?

A

one

92
Q

how many planes does a biaxial synovial joint move in?

A

2

93
Q

how many places does a multiaxial synovial joint move in?

A

> 2

94
Q

how many planes do synovial plane joints move in?

A

one

95
Q

how many planes do synovial hinge joints move in?

A

one

96
Q

how many planes do synovial pivot joints move in?

A

one

97
Q

how many planes do synovial condylar joints move in?

A

two

98
Q

how many planes do synovial saddle joints move in?

A

two

99
Q

what directions can ball and socket joints move?

A

full motion, 360 degrees

100
Q

the knee joint does not have a joint cavity, instead the space is filled with what?

A

meniscus

101
Q

what are the medial and lateral meniscus?

A

the fibrocartilage pads that stabilize the knee joint

102
Q

what is happening in a synovial joint during a gliding motion?

A

articular surfaces slide back and forth or side to side

103
Q

what is happening in a synovial joint during an angular motion?

A

the angle either increases or decreases between 2 bones

104
Q

does flexion increase OR decrease the angle between articulating bones?

A

decrease

105
Q

does extension increase OR decrease the angle between articulating bones?

A

increase

106
Q

hyperextension is an extension that goes beyond what angle?

A

180 degrees

107
Q

what plane does the trunk of the body move during lateral flexion?

A

the coronal plane

108
Q

abduction is what type of movement away from the midline?

A

lateral movement

109
Q

adduction is what kind of movement toward the body?

A

medial movement

110
Q

during circumduction the _____ end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the ______ end of an appendage makes a circular motion

A

proximal, distal

111
Q

what two kinds of joint movements occur when shrugging the shoulders up (a) and down (b)

A

a. elevation
b.depression

112
Q

during dorsiflexion the ankle joint bends in which direction?

A

superiorly, toward the leg

113
Q

during plantar flexion the ankle joint bends in which direction?

A

inferiorly, toward the floor

114
Q

during inversion the sole/heel of the foot points in which direction?

A

medially

115
Q

during eversion the sole/heel of the foot points in which direction?

A

laterally

116
Q

during protraction does a part of the body move anteriorly away from or posteriorly toward the anatomical position?

A

anteriorly away

117
Q

during retraction does a part of the body move anteriorly away from or posteriorly toward the anatomical position?

A

posteriorly toward

118
Q

what type of motion of the hand is responsible for humans being able to grab things?

A

opposition

119
Q

list the three types of muscle

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

120
Q

when someone says muscle tissue is “excitable”, what does that mean?

A

outside stimuli can cause electrical changes in the muscle fiber that causes contractions

121
Q

when someone says muscle tissue is “contractable” what do they mean?

A

stimulation of muscle fiber can lead to contraction/shortening of the muscle fiber

122
Q

when someone says a muscle tissue is “elastic” what do they mean?

A

it can return to its original length after contracting

123
Q

when someone says a muscle is “extensable” what do they mean?

A

the muscle fibers can be stretched beyond their relaxed length

124
Q

which of the three types of muscle tissue are NOT striated?

A

smooth muscle tissue

125
Q

how many layers of connective tissue does each muscle have?

A

three

126
Q

what part of a muscle does the endomysium surround?

A

individual muscle fibers

127
Q

what part of a muscle does the perimysium surround?

A

individual fasicles

128
Q

what part of a muscle does the epimysium surround?

A

the entire muscle

129
Q

tendons attach muscle to _______

A

bones

130
Q

when connective tissues merge at the end of each muscle what do they form?

A

a tendon

131
Q

the endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium are all examples of what kind of tissue?

A

connective tissue

132
Q

what is the muscle’s version of the plasma membrane called?

A

the sarcolemma

133
Q

what is the muscle’s version of the cytoplasm called?

A

the sarcoplasm

134
Q

what is the muscle’s version of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) called?

A

the sarcoplasmic reticulum

135
Q

what are the invaginations of the sarcolemma that extend into the sarcoplasm called?

A

the transverse tubules (t-tubules)

136
Q

what are the sacs at the end of the sarcoplasmic reticulum called?

A

terminal cisternae

137
Q

what are the cylindrical structures that extend the entire length of the muscle fiber (muscle cell) called?

A

myofibrils

138
Q

which part of the muscle is the smallest unit that contracts (changes size)?
a. the fascicle
b. the muscle fiber
c. the myofibril
d. the myofilaments

A

c. the myofibril: myofilaments are smaller than myofibrils, but are the short bundles of filaments that come together to make the myofibril contract. they move together but the size of the filaments themselves are unchanging.

139
Q

actin is found in what kind of myofilament?

A

thin filaments

140
Q

what 2 regulatory proteins are found in thin filaments?

A

tropomyosin and troponin

141
Q

myosin is found in what kind of myofilament?

A

thick filaments

142
Q

myosin has a head and elongated tail. which one forms the crossbridges with thin filaments during muscle contraction?

A

the head

143
Q

what are the dark bands of the muscle called?

A

the A-bands

144
Q

what are the light bands of the muscle called?

A

the I-bands

145
Q

where is the H zone (or H band) found?

A

the entire part of the A band with no thin filaments

146
Q

where is the M line found?

A

in the middle of the H zone

147
Q

where is the Z disc found?

A

in the middle of the I band

148
Q

what is the functional contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber called?

A

a sarcomere

149
Q

the sarcomere is defined by the space between which of the following?
A. the space between adjacent M lines
B. the space between adjacent H zones
C. the space between adjacent Z discs

A

C. the space between adjacent Z discs

150
Q

does the sarcomere get shorter or longer as the muscle fiber contracts?

A

the sarcomere shortens

151
Q

where is the neuromuscular junction?

A

the region where the motor neuron comes into close proximity with the muscle fiber.

152
Q

what is the expanded end of the motor neuron on a neuromuscular junction called?

A

the synaptic knob

153
Q

what is the membrane bound sacs full of ACh (acetylcholine) on a neuromuscular junction called?

A

the synaptic vesicle

154
Q

what is the region of the sarcolemma across from the synaptic knob that increases surface area of that region in a neuromuscular junction called?

A

the motor end plate

155
Q

what is the narrow space that separates the synaptic knob and motor end plate called?

A

the synaptic cleft

156
Q

what is the component of a neuromuscular junction that binds to ACh called?

A

an ACh receptor

157
Q

what is the name of the enzyme found in the synaptic cleft that breaks down ACh?

A

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

158
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls

159
Q

what is a myoblast?

A

embryonic skeletal muscle cells

160
Q

why are skeletal muscle fibers multinucleated?

A

because they are a fusion of many myoblasts

161
Q

what is the definition of muscle tone?

A

the resting tension in a skeletal muscle

162
Q

what happens during an isometric muscle contraction?

A

the muscle does not move because it is not strong enough for the action it is trying to do.

163
Q

what happens during an isotonic contraction?

A

the muscle moves because it is capable of producing enough force against what its trying to move

164
Q

what happens to someone’s muscles when they experience muscle atrophy?

A

the muscle fibers get smaller and weaker but do not die

165
Q

what happens to someone’s muscles when they experience muscle hypertrophy?

A

the muscle fibers increase in size (NOT amount) by gaining more myofibrils and myofilaments

166
Q

in reference to a muscle, what is an agonist?

A

the muscle that produces a specific movement as it contracts

167
Q

in reference to a muscle, what is an antagonist?

A

a muscle whose action is opposite to that of an agonist muscle (prime mover)

168
Q

in reference to a muscle, what is a synergist?

A

a muscle that assists the agonist muscle (prime mover)

169
Q

how many nuclei can typically be found in a cardiac muscle fiber?

A

1-2

170
Q

what are “intercalated discs” when referring to cardiac muscle?

A

the junctions formed when 2 adjacent cardiac muscle fibers join each other

171
Q

is smooth muscle voluntary?

A

no

172
Q

is cardiac muscle voluntary?

A

no

173
Q

is skeletal muscle voluntary?

A

yes

174
Q

what kind of muscle fibers would you find in the walls of viscera (organs) and the blood vessels?

A

smooth muscle tissue

175
Q

what does it mean that smooth muscle fibers are “fusiform”

A

it means that their shape is wide in the middle and tapered at each end

176
Q

what are the thin filaments of smooth muscle fibers attached to instead of Z discs?

A

dense bodies

177
Q

what happens to the skeletal muscles of an individual with muscular dystrophy?

A

muscle fibers degenerate (die), get weaker, and are replaces by adipose and connective tissues

Biol 220, Human Anatomy (5 decks)

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