Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Bone matrix is composed 1/3 of ___A___ components and 2/3 of ____B_____ components
A
A. Organic
B. Inorganic
2
Q
Bone salt crystals (inorganic components of bone matrix) are called what?
A
Hydroxyapatite
3
Q
A basic unit of mature compact bone is called what?
A
Osteon
4
Q
The canaliculi of the osteon is found where and has what function?
A
Found between lacunae, functions to allow metabolic interactions between osteocytes
5
Q
Intramembranous ossification happens where?
A
Within the mesanchyme
6
Q
Endochondral ossification (bone development) happens where?
A
From hyaline cartilage
7
Q
What is the epiphyseal plate of a bone?
A
The layer of hyaline cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis where bone lengthens from
8
Q
What is interstitial growth in bone?
A
Growth in length
9
Q
What is appositional growth in bone?
A
Growth in diameter
10
Q
Where does appositional growth in bone occur?
A
In the periosteum
11
Q
Mechanical stress by exercising ___?____ bone density
A. Increases
B. Decreases
A
Increases (increased osteoblast activity)
12
Q
what major bone structures compose the axial skeleton?
A
the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
13
Q
what major bone structures compose the appendicular skeleton?
A
the shoulder, hip, and upper and lower extremities
14
Q
what is a paranasal sinus?
A
an air filled space in skull bones
15
Q
what are the 3 major purposes of the paranasal sinuses?
A
humidifying/warming the air we breathe, providing resonance to the voice, and reducing skull weight
16
Q
what 4 bones contain a paranasal sinus?
A
the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
17
Q
what 4 bones form the nasal septum?
A
the ethmoid, vomer, maxilla, and palatine bones
18
Q
what is the hard palate of the oral cavity formed by?
A
the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone.
19
Q
the palate separates which two cavities?
A
the oral and nasal cavities
20
Q
how many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
A
26
21
Q
what three types of vertebrae and two types of several fused vertebrae are there in the spine? (superior to inferior)
A
cervical>thoracic>lumbar, fused: sacrum>coccyx
22
Q
how many bones compose the vertebral column?
A
26
23
Q
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
A
7
24
Q
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
A
12
25
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
5
26
what direction does the cervical curvature curve?
anteriorly
27
what direction does the thoracic curvature curve?
posteriorly
28
what direction does the lumbar curvature curve?
anteriorly
29
what direction does the sacral curvature curve?
posteriorly
30
what is lordosis?
abnormal lumbar curvature (often associated with being overweight or pregnant)
31
what is scoliosis?
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
32
what kind of tissue are intervertebral discs composed of?
cartilage
33
what is the outer ring of cartilage in an intervertebral disk called?
anulus fibrosus
34
what is the inner circular region of cartilage in an intervertebral disc called?
nucleus pulposus
35
what is the purpose of intervertebral discs?
to absorb shock
36
how many bones compose the appendicular skeleton?
126
37
how many bones compose the pectoral girdle?
4
38
how many bones compose the upper limbs?
60
39
how many bones compose the pelvic girdle?
2
40
how many bones compose the lower limbs?
60
41
what is the brachial region?
the area between the shoulder and elbow
42
what is the antebracial region?
the area between the elbow and wrist
43
what is the name of the dense regular connective tissue that maintains distance between the radius and ulna?
the interosseus membrane
44
what kind of tissue is the interosseus membrane composed of?
dense regular connective tissue
45
when in anatomic position, the bones of the forearm are said to be in ______
supination
46
when the palm faces posteriorly the position of the forearm is said to be in _______
pronation
47
which bone is the longest, strongest, and heaviest in the body?
the femur
48
what is the crural region?
the lower leg where the tibia and fibula are
49
which bone is the only weight bearing bone in the leg?
the tibia
50
does the fibula articulate with the tibia?
yes
51
does the fibula articulate with the femur?
no
52
what is the purpose of the arches of the foot?
to prevent pinching of muscles, nerves, and blood vessels in the foot.
53
the medial arch of the foot is where?
from heel to hallx
54
the lateral arch of the foot is where?
from heel to fifth toe
55
the transverse arch of the foot is where?
perpendicular to the other arches along the distal row of tarsals
56
what is polydactyly?
the condition of having extra fingers or toes
57
what is ectrodactyly?
the condition of missing fingers or toes
58
what is syndactyly?
abnormal fusion of digits;webbing
59
what is meromelia/melia?
partial or complete absence of limbs
60
what is phocomelia?
short, poorly formed limbs that resemble a flipper
61
what three things might a bone meet at an articulation?
another bone, cartilage, or teeth
62
a joint that is more mobile is less _____
stable
63
fibrous joints are held together by what?
collagen fibers
64
cartilaginous joints are held together by what?
cartilage
65
synovial joints are separated by what?
fluid
66
a joint held together by collagen fibers is what type of joint?
fibrous
67
a joint held together by cartilage is what type of joint?
cartilaginous
68
a joint held together by fluid is what type of joint?
synovial
69
how mobile is a synarthrosis (type of joint)
immobile
70
how mobile is a amphiarthroses (type of joint)
slightly mobile
71
how mobile is a diarthroses (type of joint)
freely mobile
72
do fibrous joints have a joint cavity?
no
73
fibrous joints are filled with what?
collagen fibers
74
a gomphoses is found where?
attaching the teeth to the maxilla and mandible
75
where is a suture found?
between skull bones
76
where is a syndemoses found?
between parallel bones (such as the tibia and fibula or the radius and ulna)
77
do cartilaginous joints have a joint cavity?
no
78
what kind of cartilage joins a synchondroses
hyaline cartilage
79
what kind of cartilage joins a symphosis?
fibrocartilage
80
do synovial joints have a joint cavity?
yes
81
what two layers compose the articular capsule of a synovial joint?
the outer fibrous layer, and the inner synovial layer/membrane
82
where can vasculature be found in a synovial joint?
embedded in the articular capsule
83
what is the purpose of the joint cavity of a synovial joint?
physical separation of articulating bones
84
what are the three functions of synovial fluid in a synovial joint?
lubricating articular cartilages, nourishing the articular cartilage's chondrocytes, and absorbing shock during joint compression.
85
what kind of cartilage covers the articular surfaces in a synovial joint?
hyaline cartilage
86
what part of the synovial joint connects bone to bone?
the ligaments
87
what are bursae?
sacs outside synovial joints where structures rub
88
what is a tendon sheath?
elongated bursae around tendons in confines ares where tendons rub each other
89
synovial joints are classified physiologically by what?
the number of movements allowed
90
synovial joints are classified anatomically by what?
the shape of articulating surfaces
91
uniaxial synovial joints move in how many planes?
one
92
how many planes does a biaxial synovial joint move in?
2
93
how many places does a multiaxial synovial joint move in?
>2
94
how many planes do synovial plane joints move in?
one
95
how many planes do synovial hinge joints move in?
one
96
how many planes do synovial pivot joints move in?
one
97
how many planes do synovial condylar joints move in?
two
98
how many planes do synovial saddle joints move in?
two
99
what directions can ball and socket joints move?
full motion, 360 degrees
100
the knee joint does not have a joint cavity, instead the space is filled with what?
meniscus
101
what are the medial and lateral meniscus?
the fibrocartilage pads that stabilize the knee joint
102
what is happening in a synovial joint during a gliding motion?
articular surfaces slide back and forth or side to side
103
what is happening in a synovial joint during an angular motion?
the angle either increases or decreases between 2 bones
104
does flexion increase OR decrease the angle between articulating bones?
decrease
105
does extension increase OR decrease the angle between articulating bones?
increase
106
hyperextension is an extension that goes beyond what angle?
180 degrees
107
what plane does the trunk of the body move during lateral flexion?
the coronal plane
108
abduction is what type of movement away from the midline?
lateral movement
109
adduction is what kind of movement toward the body?
medial movement
110
during circumduction the _____ end of an appendage remains relatively stationary while the ______ end of an appendage makes a circular motion
proximal, distal
111
what two kinds of joint movements occur when shrugging the shoulders up (a) and down (b)
a. elevation
b.depression
112
during dorsiflexion the ankle joint bends in which direction?
superiorly, toward the leg
113
during plantar flexion the ankle joint bends in which direction?
inferiorly, toward the floor
114
during inversion the sole/heel of the foot points in which direction?
medially
115
during eversion the sole/heel of the foot points in which direction?
laterally
116
during protraction does a part of the body move anteriorly away from or posteriorly toward the anatomical position?
anteriorly away
117
during retraction does a part of the body move anteriorly away from or posteriorly toward the anatomical position?
posteriorly toward
118
what type of motion of the hand is responsible for humans being able to grab things?
opposition
119
list the three types of muscle
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
120
when someone says muscle tissue is "excitable", what does that mean?
outside stimuli can cause electrical changes in the muscle fiber that causes contractions
121
when someone says muscle tissue is "contractable" what do they mean?
stimulation of muscle fiber can lead to contraction/shortening of the muscle fiber
122
when someone says a muscle tissue is "elastic" what do they mean?
it can return to its original length after contracting
123
when someone says a muscle is "extensable" what do they mean?
the muscle fibers can be stretched beyond their relaxed length
124
which of the three types of muscle tissue are NOT striated?
smooth muscle tissue
125
how many layers of connective tissue does each muscle have?
three
126
what part of a muscle does the endomysium surround?
individual muscle fibers
127
what part of a muscle does the perimysium surround?
individual fasicles
128
what part of a muscle does the epimysium surround?
the entire muscle
129
tendons attach muscle to _______
bones
130
when connective tissues merge at the end of each muscle what do they form?
a tendon
131
the endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium are all examples of what kind of tissue?
connective tissue
132
what is the muscle's version of the plasma membrane called?
the sarcolemma
133
what is the muscle's version of the cytoplasm called?
the sarcoplasm
134
what is the muscle's version of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER) called?
the sarcoplasmic reticulum
135
what are the invaginations of the sarcolemma that extend into the sarcoplasm called?
the transverse tubules (t-tubules)
136
what are the sacs at the end of the sarcoplasmic reticulum called?
terminal cisternae
137
what are the cylindrical structures that extend the entire length of the muscle fiber (muscle cell) called?
myofibrils
138
which part of the muscle is the smallest unit that contracts (changes size)?
a. the fascicle
b. the muscle fiber
c. the myofibril
d. the myofilaments
c. the myofibril: myofilaments are smaller than myofibrils, but are the short bundles of filaments that come together to make the myofibril contract. they move together but the size of the filaments themselves are unchanging.
139
actin is found in what kind of myofilament?
thin filaments
140
what 2 regulatory proteins are found in thin filaments?
tropomyosin and troponin
141
myosin is found in what kind of myofilament?
thick filaments
142
myosin has a head and elongated tail. which one forms the crossbridges with thin filaments during muscle contraction?
the head
143
what are the dark bands of the muscle called?
the A-bands
144
what are the light bands of the muscle called?
the I-bands
145
where is the H zone (or H band) found?
the entire part of the A band with no thin filaments
146
where is the M line found?
in the middle of the H zone
147
where is the Z disc found?
in the middle of the I band
148
what is the functional contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber called?
a sarcomere
149
the sarcomere is defined by the space between which of the following?
A. the space between adjacent M lines
B. the space between adjacent H zones
C. the space between adjacent Z discs
C. the space between adjacent Z discs
150
does the sarcomere get shorter or longer as the muscle fiber contracts?
the sarcomere shortens
151
where is the neuromuscular junction?
the region where the motor neuron comes into close proximity with the muscle fiber.
152
what is the expanded end of the motor neuron on a neuromuscular junction called?
the synaptic knob
153
what is the membrane bound sacs full of ACh (acetylcholine) on a neuromuscular junction called?
the synaptic vesicle
154
what is the region of the sarcolemma across from the synaptic knob that increases surface area of that region in a neuromuscular junction called?
the motor end plate
155
what is the narrow space that separates the synaptic knob and motor end plate called?
the synaptic cleft
156
what is the component of a neuromuscular junction that binds to ACh called?
an ACh receptor
157
what is the name of the enzyme found in the synaptic cleft that breaks down ACh?
acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
158
what is a motor unit?
a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls
159
what is a myoblast?
embryonic skeletal muscle cells
160
why are skeletal muscle fibers multinucleated?
because they are a fusion of many myoblasts
161
what is the definition of muscle tone?
the resting tension in a skeletal muscle
162
what happens during an isometric muscle contraction?
the muscle does not move because it is not strong enough for the action it is trying to do.
163
what happens during an isotonic contraction?
the muscle moves because it is capable of producing enough force against what its trying to move
164
what happens to someone's muscles when they experience muscle atrophy?
the muscle fibers get smaller and weaker but do not die
165
what happens to someone's muscles when they experience muscle hypertrophy?
the muscle fibers increase in size (NOT amount) by gaining more myofibrils and myofilaments
166
in reference to a muscle, what is an agonist?
the muscle that produces a specific movement as it contracts
167
in reference to a muscle, what is an antagonist?
a muscle whose action is opposite to that of an agonist muscle (prime mover)
168
in reference to a muscle, what is a synergist?
a muscle that assists the agonist muscle (prime mover)
169
how many nuclei can typically be found in a cardiac muscle fiber?
1-2
170
what are "intercalated discs" when referring to cardiac muscle?
the junctions formed when 2 adjacent cardiac muscle fibers join each other
171
is smooth muscle voluntary?
no
172
is cardiac muscle voluntary?
no
173
is skeletal muscle voluntary?
yes
174
what kind of muscle fibers would you find in the walls of viscera (organs) and the blood vessels?
smooth muscle tissue
175
what does it mean that smooth muscle fibers are "fusiform"
it means that their shape is wide in the middle and tapered at each end
176
what are the thin filaments of smooth muscle fibers attached to instead of Z discs?
dense bodies
177
what happens to the skeletal muscles of an individual with muscular dystrophy?
muscle fibers degenerate (die), get weaker, and are replaces by adipose and connective tissues
