Lecture Exam 2 - ch. 6,7,10,12, notes on bacteria Flashcards
Physical requirements for bacterial growth
temperature, pH, osmotic pressure
chemical requirements for bacterial growth
water, carbon source, minerals, oxygen
psycrophiles
cold temperature loving
best @ 0-15 C
mesophiles
moderate temperature loving
best @ 37 C (98.6; body temp.)
Thermophiles
heat loving
best @ 60-68 C
Hyperthermphiles
AKA - extermethermophiles
best @ 90-100 C
minimum growth temp
lowest temperature at which an organism will grow
optimum growth temp
temp at which species grows best
maximum growth temp
highest temp at which growth is possible
what does acid do to proteins?
denatures them
Acidophiles
likes to grow in an acidic environment
osmotic pressure
the ability of a solution to draw in water
plasmolysis
results in cell membrane shrinking
halophiles
bacteria which grow in high salt
Ex) dead sea - organisms can grow in up to 30% salt
facultative halophiles
can grow in up to 2% salt but salt is not needed to live
facultative
bacteria that can switch and adapt
Nitrogen Fixing
organisms in soil fix N, which is used by both organisms and increase soil fertility
trace elements
essential for enzymes as cofactors
obligate aerobes
require oxygen to live
facultative anaerobes
can grown with/without oxygen
Ex) E. Coli and yeasts
obligate anaerobes
unable to use oxygen for metabolism
most are harmed by oxygen
Ex) clostridium tetani and botulinum
aerotolerant anaerobes
cannot use oxygen, but can tolerate it
microaerophilic
aerobic require oxygen but grow in concentrations lower than air
bacterial division
occurs by binary fission
generation time
time required for a cell to divide and the population to double
phases of growth
lag log (exponential) stationary death decline
Lag phase
getting used to the environment, no real growth
Log (exponential) phase
new cell formation exceeds the death rate
stationary phase
the new cell formation is equal to death rate
death/decline phase
resources are depleted and the death rate is exceeding the new formation rate
Agostino Bassi
1835 - lawyer who demonstrated that certain diseases of the silkworm were contagious, the result of some fungi
1850
bacteria added to list of “possible” disease-carrying micro-organisms
1865
Villemin proved the contagiousness of human TB
1879
Koch identified bacteria-causing wound infection by staining techniques
Joseph Lister
1827-1912
a physician who introduced the concept of aseptic technique
Sterilization
destroys all forms of life on an object
disinfection
process of destroying normal pathogens but not necessarily endospores and viruses
disinfectants
chemicals applied to an object to reduce growth but not necessarily sterilize
antisepsis
chemical disinfection of the skin, mucous membranes, or other tissues
germicides
chemicals which rapidly kill microbes but not spores
bacteriostasis
growth of bacteria is inhibited but organism is not killed
asepsis
absence of pathogens from object or area
degerming
removal of transient microbes from the skin (the germs we pick up on a day to day basis)
sanitization
reduction of pathogens on eating utensils
what is the most common method for destroying microbes?
heat
thermal death point
TDP
the lowest temp required to kill all microorganisms in a liquid suspension in ten minutes
thermal death time
TDT
minimum time in which all bacteria in a liquid will be killed at a given temp
Pasteurization
mild heat used to kill organisms which cause spoilage
used for milk
filtration
separating
desiccation
absence of water, filtration by drying out
radiation filtration
forms hydroxyl radicals from water
types of disinfectants
phenol, halogens, alcohols, and aldehydes
phenols
cresols, hexachlorophene, and chlorhexidine
cresols
AKA coal tars
used to make Lysol
good surface disinfectants
hexachlorophene
used to scrub hospital and control nosocomial infections
chlorhexidine
not a phenolic
used to disinfect skin
halogens
liquid forms of I2, Br2, and Cl2
I2
iodine
effective against bacteria, fungi, endospores, and some viruses
Cl2
prevents normal enzyme function in bacteria
alcohols
kill bacteria and fungi but not endospores
works by protein denaturation and dissolving lipids such as membranes
aldehyds
most effective antimicrobials
inactivate proteins
formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde
formaldehyde
very powerful denature-er; can denature almost anything
preserves specimens - cadavers
glutaraldehyde
most potent antimicrobial
less costic on human skin/membranes that formaldehyde
used for sterilization of medical equiptment
what is the hardest to kill?
prions
gram-neg. bacteria
fairly easy to kill with heat
viruses with a lipid envelope
very sensitive to heat, therefore easy to kill
2 groups that viruses are grouped into
enveloped - easy to get rid of
naked - not so easy to kill
taxonomy
the science of classifying living forms
what 4 things is the five kingdom system of taxonomy based on?
morphology
breeding
movement
characteristics
1978
carl woese proposed 3 kingdom system for classification based on RNA
what are the 3 domains in the 3 kingdom system
eukarya
bacteria
archaea
in the 3 kingdom system, what domain has kingdoms?
eukarya
are archaea antibiotic sensitive?
yes
are bacteria antibiotic sensitive?
yes
are eukarya antibiotic sensitive?
yes and no; some are and some are not
are histones found in prokaryotic cells
only in archaea
are histones fond in eukaryotic cells?
yes
the DNA in eukaryotic cells is ______?
linear
the DNA in eukaryotic organelles is _______?
circular
criteria for classification of bacteria
morphological characteristics differential staining biochemical tests serology molecular biology
morphological characteristics for bacteria classification
shape
endospores
flagella
differential staining for bacterial classification
gram pos. and neg.
acid fast
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology
most widely accepted classification of bacteria and still used today
gel electophoresis
running an electrical current through a semisolid gel to separate macromolecules by size and/or charge
Treponema Pallidum
domain: bacteria
Phylum: spirochaetes
-causative agent of syphilis
-treatment: penicillin, IV, IM
Borrelia Bugdorferi
Domain: bacteria Phylum: spirochaetes -Causes Lyme disease -sign: bulls eye rash -treatment: doxycycline, amoxicillin
Leptospira interrogans
Domain: bacteria Phylum: spirochaetes -zoonotic (animal to human) infection -causes leptospirosis -treatment: doxycycline, penicillin
Brucella
domain: bacteria
Phylum Proteobacteria
-causes brucellosis (undulant fever(goes up and down) )
-results from ingestion of contaminated animal products
-treatment: doxycycline and gentamycin
Rickettsias
halfway between bacteria and viruses
need to get into host cell to replicate
transmitted by ticks and fleas
Rickettsia prowazekii
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes epidemic typhus
-signs: prolonged fever and red spots caused by destroyed capillaries
-treatment: tetracycline, chloramphenicol
Rickettsia Rickettsia
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes rocky mountain spotted fever
-treatment: tetracycline, chloramphenicol, doxycycline
-ales
means order
Neisseria
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Most species are normal inhabitants of upper respiratory tract
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
-causes STD gonorrhea
Neisseria Meningitidis
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
-encapsulated, humans are its only reservoir
-transmitted by droplet
-causes meningitis
-treatment: very difficult because of BBB, ceftriaxone, cefotaxamine
Bordella Pertussis
Domain: bacteria Phylum: proteobateria -causes whooping cough, spread by droplet, only host is human -treatment: erythromycin -vaccine: DaTP
-aceae
family
E. Coli
Part of normal body flora in the intestinal tract
cause: UTI’s, cystitis, pyelonephritis
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
strain of E. Coli that infects cattle
especially seen in ground beef that is undercooked
raw milk is another carrier
Salmonella
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-found in GI tract of humans and lifestock
Salmonella typhmurium and enteritidis
2 most common salmonella in USA that case food poisoning
Salmonella Enteritidis
gets inside the egg yolk. 10 cells of it can make you sick
Salmonella Typhi
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes typhoid fever
shigella
gram neg. rod.
4 species cause disease in humans
shigella dysenteriae
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes bacillary dysentery (shigellosis)
-produces exotoxins which kill cells
-also called traveler’s diarrhea - destroys lining of L. intestine
shigella sonnei
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes a less severe form of shigellosis
-most common strain in USA
Klebsiella Pneumoniae
Domain: bacteria Phylum: proteobacteria -causes classic pneumonia -contains polysaccharide capsule that causes macrophages to slide off when they try to digest it -common cause of nosocomial infections
seratia marcescens
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-can cause UTI, respiratory infection, hospital infection, and septicemia (bacteria dividing in the blood)
Proroteus vulgaris
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-can cause UTI, infant diarrhea, nosocomial infections
-peritrichous: has flagella all around it
Yersinia Pestis
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes bubonic plague
-carried by rats, squirrels (vector = flea)
-treatment: questionable but, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
enterobacter
2 strains that cause significant infection
- Cloacae: UTI, nosocomial infections
- aerogenes: contaminated water and soil
- generally less virulent than Klebsiella
Neisseria
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Most species are normal inhabitants of upper respiratory tract
Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
-causes STD gonorrhea
Neisseria Meningitidis
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
-encapsulated, humans are its only reservoir
-transmitted by droplet
-causes meningitis
-treatment: very difficult because of BBB, ceftriaxone, cefotaxamine
Bordella Pertussis
Domain: bacteria Phylum: proteobateria -causes whooping cough, spread by droplet, only host is human -treatment: erythromycin -vaccine: DaTP
francisella tularensis
domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes tularemia (rabbit fever)
E. Coli
Part of normal body flora in the intestinal tract
cause: UTI’s, cystitis, pyelonephritis
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli
strain of E. Coli that infects cattle
especially seen in ground beef that is undercooked
raw milk is another carrier
Salmonella
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-found in GI tract of humans and lifestock
Salmonella typhmurium and enteritidis
2 most common salmonella in USA that case food poisoning
Salmonella Enteritidis
gets inside the egg yolk. 10 cells of it can make you sick
Salmonella Typhi
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes typhoid fever
shigella
gram neg. rod.
4 species cause disease in humans
shigella dysenteriae
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes bacillary dysentery (shigellosis)
-produces exotoxins which kill cells
-also called traveler’s diarrhea - destroys lining of L. intestine
shigella sonnei
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes a less severe form of shigellosis
-most common strain in USA
Klebsiella Pneumoniae
Domain: bacteria Phylum: proteobacteria -causes classic pneumonia -contains polysaccharide capsule that causes macrophages to slide off when they try to digest it -common cause of nosocomial infections
seratia marcescens
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-can cause UTI, respiratory infection, hospital infection, and septicemia (bacteria dividing in the blood)
streptococcus agalactiae
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- STD and birth transmitted, causes neonatal sepsis and meningitis
- treatment: penicillin, ampicillin
Yersinia Pestis
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes bubonic plague
-carried by rats, squirrels (vector = flea)
-treatment: questionable but, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
enterobacter
2 strains that cause significant infection
- Cloacae: UTI, nosocomial infections
- aerogenes: contaminated water and soil
- generally less virulent than Klebsiella
haemophilus influenzae
domain: bacteria
phylum: proteobacteria
- causes meningitis in children
- transmitted by respiratory droplets
- common inhabitant of the mouth, intestines, vagina, and respiratory tract
- Treatment: ceftriaxone, trimethoprim-culfamethoxazole
pseudomonas aeruginosa
domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-mainly causes infection in immunocompromised people
-can cause UTI, meningitis
-infections in healthy people: dermatitis and otitis externa, also known as swimmers ear
bacillus anthracis
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- causes anthrax in animals
- discovered by Robert koch
coxiella burnetii
domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes Q fever
-airborne or foodborne
francisella tularensis
domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes tularemia (rabbit fever)
vibrio cholerae
domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causative agent of cholera
-treatment: electrolyte, fluid replacement, tetracycline
campylobacter jejuni
domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes food poisoning
-can cause abortion in cattle and sheep
helicobacter pylori
domain: bacteria
phylum: proteobacteria
- causes peptic disease syndrome (ulcers)
- only host is human
chlamydia trachomatis
domain: bacteria
Phylum: chlamydiae
-STD, causes trachoma which leads to blindnesss
chlamydia pneumoniae
domain: bacteria
phylum: chlamydiae
- causes “walking pneumonia”; not sever enough to require hospital stay
- treatment: erythromycin, doxycycline
bacteroides spp.
domain: bacteria
phylum: bacteroidetes
- infection results from wounds or punctures, often caused by surgery
fusobacterium spp.
domain: bacteria
phylum: fusobacteria
- caused by another humans bite, can cause trench mouth and rat bite fever
lactobacillus
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- common inhabitant of vagina, intestinal tract, and oral cavity. produces lactic acid
streptococcus
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- most do not cause disease and are normal part of body
- produce hemolysins which lyse red blood cells
streptolysins
enzymes responsible for rupture of red blood cells
streptococcus pyogenes
domain: bacteria Phylum: firmicutes -flesh eating bacteria -causes impetigo, rheumatic fever, necrotizing fasciitis -treatment: penicillins
streptococcus agalactiae
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- STD and birth transmitted
- treatment: penicillin, ampicillin
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- causes pneumonia, meningitis, swimmers ear, and sinusitis
- treatment: penicillin
listeria monocytogenes
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- causes listeriosis
staph
gram pos., some species are coagulase pos.
Staph. aureus
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- most pathogenic of staph
- causes toxic shock syndrome, food poison, folliculitis, furuncle, and some acne
- treatment: penicillins
bacillus anthracis
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
clostridium
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- commonly found in soil contaminated by fecal matter
clostridium tetani
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- causes tetanus, a form of paralysis
clostridium botulinum
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- found primarily in soil, used in botox
- also found in sealed cans producing an exotoxin that blocks the release of ACH, causing flaccid paralysis
clostridium perfringens
domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- the most common cause of gas gangrene
M. pneumoniae
domain: bacteria
Phylum: tenericutes
-causes atypical pneumonia AKA “walking pneumonia”
-treatment: tetracycline or erythromycin
ureaplasma urealyticum and M. hominis
domain: bacteria
phylum: tenericutes
- cause inflammation of reproductive organs (STD’s)
- treatment: tetracycline or erythromycin
corynebacterium diptheriae
domain: bacteria
phylum: actinobacteria
- causes diptheria
mycobacterium leprae
domain: bacteria
phylum: actinobacteria
- causes leprosy
- 10-12 million cases worldwide
- treatment: mix of dapson and rifampin
M. tuberculosis
domain: bacteria
phylum: actinobacteria
- causes tuberculosis
- usually develops in mid-zone of lung
- 1/3 of the worlds population is infected
- treatment: mix therapy of isoniazid and rifampin for 6-12 months
Propionibacterium acnes
domain: bacteria
phylum: propionibacteraceae
- major cause of acne
- commonly found on human skin, infects 17 million people in the USA. 85% of which are teenagers
Mycology
the study of fungi
chemoheterotrophs
use organic molecules as a source of carbon and energy
what are the cell wall of fungi made out of?
glucans, mannans, and chitin
how do fungi spores reproduce
asexual and sexual
sexual reproduction in spores uses ______.
meiosis
asexual reproduction in spores uses _______.
Mitosis
mitosis in spores forms _______.
Diploid cells (2n)
meiosis in spores forms ________.
Haploid cells (n)
do fungi grow better in acidic or basic conditions?
acidic conditions
are molds aerobic or anaerobic?
aerobic, so they grow on surfaces
fungi need ______ to be classified in the zygomycota phylum.
a sporangium
Septate hypha
cells walls are clearly defined in the fungi
Coenoctytic hypha
cell walls are not clearly defined in the fungi, and it is hard to tell where one cell ends and another begins
sporangium
the sac that holds the spores in fungi
sporangiophore
the stock on which the sporangium is held
Mycelia
fuzz we see when we look at mold
aerial mycelia
mycelia that grow up
karyogamy
production of haploid spores
the fungi that are in the phylum anamorphs, have lost the ability to ________.
reproduce sexually
the fungi that are in the phylum Ascomycota, are termed __________.
“sac fungi”, because spores are produced inside as sac called the ascus, which contains 8 spores
Canidiospores
spores that are not enclosed in a sac
Mycosis(es)
any fungal infection
systemic mycoses
fungal infections deep within the body, caused by inhalation of spores
ex) angel of death mushroom. puffball mushroom that releases toxic spores that can kill a human in days
Histoplasmosis
domain: fungi Phylum: ascomycota -caused by histoplasma capsulatum -superficially resembles TB -causes 50 deaths/year in the USA -transmission: airborne conidia -treatment: amphotericin B or itraconazole
medications that end in -azole are typically drugs used to treat ______.
fungal infections
coccidioidomycosis
domain: fungi
phylum: anamorphs
- caused by coccidioides immitis
- resembles TB, AKA valley fever or san Joaquin fever
- 100,000 cases a year, 50-100 deaths/year
- treatment: ketoconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B
Crytococcosis
domain: fungi
phylum: basidiomycota
- causative agent: crytococcus neoformans
- transmitted through pigeon droppings
- has a very large capsule making it hard for drugs to penetrate it
superficial mycoses
- localized infections of hair, skin, or nails on outer surface
- rare in US but found in tropics
- ex) Piedras (“stones”) nodules that form on the hair shaft
dermatophytes
fungi that colonize hair, nails, and stratum corneum.
infections are called dermatomycoses
ex) ringworms or tineas
tinea pedis
athlete’s foot
tinea cruris
jock itch
tinea capitis
ringworm of the head
trichophyton
infects hair, skin, and nails
ascomycota
microsporum
infects hair or skin
ascomycota
epidermophyton
infects skin and nails
anamorphs
treatment for dermatomycoses?
miconazole, clotrimazole, and tolnaftate
subcutaneous mycoses
fungal infections beneath the skin
infection occurs by invasion of spores into puncture or cut
sporotrichosis
caused by sporohrix schenkii
phylum: anamorph
found in soil, most cases occur in gardeners
opportunistic fungal infections
caused by fungi that do not normally cause infections
mycormycosis
caused by rhizopus, mucor
infects patients with ketoacidosis from diabetes, leukemia, and immunosuppressive drugs
apergillosis
caused by apergillus spores
occurs in patients with lung disease or cancer that have inhaled the spores
candidiasis
caused by candida albicans
normal body flora
causes vaginal infections and thrush
treatment: fluconazole
pneumocystis pneumonia
caused by pneumocystis jiroveci
opportunistic pathogen
one of the major pathogens in patients with AIDS
treatment: trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole
Phycology or algology
the study of algae
planktonic algae produce about __% of the worlds oxygen
80%
dinoflagellata
cell walls composed of cellulose and silica plates
most contain 2 flagella
many cause “red tides” in the ocean
some are biolumanescent
alexandrium spp.
Produce neurotoxins which cases paralytic shellfish poisoning and “red tides”
peridinium spp.
also causes “red tide” and PSP
Bacillariophyta: diatoms
store energy captured through photosynthesis as oil instead of CHO’s
used to make oil, chalk, makeup, etc.
can cause domoic acid poisoning if it infects something we eat
