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Microbiology 251 > Lecture Exam 2 - ch. 6,7,10,12, notes on bacteria > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 - ch. 6,7,10,12, notes on bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Physical requirements for bacterial growth

A

temperature, pH, osmotic pressure

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2
Q

chemical requirements for bacterial growth

A

water, carbon source, minerals, oxygen

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3
Q

psycrophiles

A

cold temperature loving

best @ 0-15 C

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4
Q

mesophiles

A

moderate temperature loving

best @ 37 C (98.6; body temp.)

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5
Q

Thermophiles

A

heat loving

best @ 60-68 C

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6
Q

Hyperthermphiles

A

AKA - extermethermophiles

best @ 90-100 C

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7
Q

minimum growth temp

A

lowest temperature at which an organism will grow

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8
Q

optimum growth temp

A

temp at which species grows best

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9
Q

maximum growth temp

A

highest temp at which growth is possible

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10
Q

what does acid do to proteins?

A

denatures them

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11
Q

Acidophiles

A

likes to grow in an acidic environment

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12
Q

osmotic pressure

A

the ability of a solution to draw in water

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13
Q

plasmolysis

A

results in cell membrane shrinking

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14
Q

halophiles

A

bacteria which grow in high salt

Ex) dead sea - organisms can grow in up to 30% salt

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15
Q

facultative halophiles

A

can grow in up to 2% salt but salt is not needed to live

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16
Q

facultative

A

bacteria that can switch and adapt

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17
Q

Nitrogen Fixing

A

organisms in soil fix N, which is used by both organisms and increase soil fertility

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18
Q

trace elements

A

essential for enzymes as cofactors

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19
Q

obligate aerobes

A

require oxygen to live

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20
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

can grown with/without oxygen

Ex) E. Coli and yeasts

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21
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

unable to use oxygen for metabolism
most are harmed by oxygen
Ex) clostridium tetani and botulinum

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22
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A

cannot use oxygen, but can tolerate it

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23
Q

microaerophilic

A

aerobic require oxygen but grow in concentrations lower than air

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24
Q

bacterial division

A

occurs by binary fission

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25
Q

generation time

A

time required for a cell to divide and the population to double

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26
Q

phases of growth

A 
lag
log (exponential)
stationary
death
decline
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27
Q

Lag phase

A

getting used to the environment, no real growth

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28
Q

Log (exponential) phase

A

new cell formation exceeds the death rate

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29
Q

stationary phase

A

the new cell formation is equal to death rate

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30
Q

death/decline phase

A

resources are depleted and the death rate is exceeding the new formation rate

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31
Q

Agostino Bassi

A

1835 - lawyer who demonstrated that certain diseases of the silkworm were contagious, the result of some fungi

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32
Q

1850

A

bacteria added to list of “possible” disease-carrying micro-organisms

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33
Q

1865

A

Villemin proved the contagiousness of human TB

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34
Q

1879

A

Koch identified bacteria-causing wound infection by staining techniques

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35
Q

Joseph Lister

A

1827-1912

a physician who introduced the concept of aseptic technique

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36
Q

Sterilization

A

destroys all forms of life on an object

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37
Q

disinfection

A

process of destroying normal pathogens but not necessarily endospores and viruses

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38
Q

disinfectants

A

chemicals applied to an object to reduce growth but not necessarily sterilize

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39
Q

antisepsis

A

chemical disinfection of the skin, mucous membranes, or other tissues

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40
Q

germicides

A

chemicals which rapidly kill microbes but not spores

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41
Q

bacteriostasis

A

growth of bacteria is inhibited but organism is not killed

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42
Q

asepsis

A

absence of pathogens from object or area

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43
Q

degerming

A

removal of transient microbes from the skin (the germs we pick up on a day to day basis)

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44
Q

sanitization

A

reduction of pathogens on eating utensils

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45
Q

what is the most common method for destroying microbes?

A

heat

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46
Q

thermal death point

A

TDP

the lowest temp required to kill all microorganisms in a liquid suspension in ten minutes

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47
Q

thermal death time

A

TDT

minimum time in which all bacteria in a liquid will be killed at a given temp

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48
Q

Pasteurization

A

mild heat used to kill organisms which cause spoilage

used for milk

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49
Q

filtration

A

separating

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50
Q

desiccation

A

absence of water, filtration by drying out

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51
Q

radiation filtration

A

forms hydroxyl radicals from water

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52
Q

types of disinfectants

A

phenol, halogens, alcohols, and aldehydes

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53
Q

phenols

A

cresols, hexachlorophene, and chlorhexidine

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54
Q

cresols

A

AKA coal tars
used to make Lysol
good surface disinfectants

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55
Q

hexachlorophene

A

used to scrub hospital and control nosocomial infections

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56
Q

chlorhexidine

A

not a phenolic

used to disinfect skin

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57
Q

halogens

A

liquid forms of I2, Br2, and Cl2

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58
Q

I2

A

iodine

effective against bacteria, fungi, endospores, and some viruses

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59
Q

Cl2

A

prevents normal enzyme function in bacteria

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60
Q

alcohols

A

kill bacteria and fungi but not endospores

works by protein denaturation and dissolving lipids such as membranes

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61
Q

aldehyds

A

most effective antimicrobials
inactivate proteins
formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde

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62
Q

formaldehyde

A

very powerful denature-er; can denature almost anything

preserves specimens - cadavers

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63
Q

glutaraldehyde

A

most potent antimicrobial
less costic on human skin/membranes that formaldehyde
used for sterilization of medical equiptment

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64
Q

what is the hardest to kill?

A

prions

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65
Q

gram-neg. bacteria

A

fairly easy to kill with heat

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66
Q

viruses with a lipid envelope

A

very sensitive to heat, therefore easy to kill

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67
Q

2 groups that viruses are grouped into

A

enveloped - easy to get rid of

naked - not so easy to kill

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68
Q

taxonomy

A

the science of classifying living forms

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69
Q

what 4 things is the five kingdom system of taxonomy based on?

A

morphology
breeding
movement
characteristics

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70
Q

1978

A

carl woese proposed 3 kingdom system for classification based on RNA

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71
Q

what are the 3 domains in the 3 kingdom system

A

eukarya
bacteria
archaea

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72
Q

in the 3 kingdom system, what domain has kingdoms?

A

eukarya

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73
Q

are archaea antibiotic sensitive?

A

yes

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74
Q

are bacteria antibiotic sensitive?

A

yes

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75
Q

are eukarya antibiotic sensitive?

A

yes and no; some are and some are not

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76
Q

are histones found in prokaryotic cells

A

only in archaea

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77
Q

are histones fond in eukaryotic cells?

A

yes

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78
Q

the DNA in eukaryotic cells is ______?

A

linear

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79
Q

the DNA in eukaryotic organelles is _______?

A

circular

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80
Q

criteria for classification of bacteria

A 
morphological characteristics
differential staining
biochemical tests
serology
molecular biology
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81
Q

morphological characteristics for bacteria classification

A

shape
endospores
flagella

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82
Q

differential staining for bacterial classification

A

gram pos. and neg.

acid fast

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83
Q

Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology

A

most widely accepted classification of bacteria and still used today

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84
Q

gel electophoresis

A

running an electrical current through a semisolid gel to separate macromolecules by size and/or charge

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85
Q

Treponema Pallidum

A

domain: bacteria
Phylum: spirochaetes
-causative agent of syphilis
-treatment: penicillin, IV, IM

86
Q

Borrelia Bugdorferi

A 
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: spirochaetes
-Causes Lyme disease
-sign: bulls eye rash
-treatment: doxycycline, amoxicillin
87
Q

Leptospira interrogans

A 
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: spirochaetes
-zoonotic (animal to human) infection
-causes leptospirosis
-treatment: doxycycline, penicillin
88
Q

Brucella

A

domain: bacteria
Phylum Proteobacteria
-causes brucellosis (undulant fever(goes up and down) )
-results from ingestion of contaminated animal products
-treatment: doxycycline and gentamycin

89
Q

Rickettsias

A

halfway between bacteria and viruses
need to get into host cell to replicate
transmitted by ticks and fleas

90
Q

Rickettsia prowazekii

A

Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes epidemic typhus
-signs: prolonged fever and red spots caused by destroyed capillaries
-treatment: tetracycline, chloramphenicol

91
Q

Rickettsia Rickettsia

A

Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes rocky mountain spotted fever
-treatment: tetracycline, chloramphenicol, doxycycline

92
Q

-ales

A

means order

93
Q

Neisseria

A

Domain: bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Most species are normal inhabitants of upper respiratory tract

94
Q

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

A

Domain: bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
-causes STD gonorrhea

95
Q

Neisseria Meningitidis

A

Domain: bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
-encapsulated, humans are its only reservoir
-transmitted by droplet
-causes meningitis
-treatment: very difficult because of BBB, ceftriaxone, cefotaxamine

96
Q

Bordella Pertussis

A 
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobateria 
-causes whooping cough, spread by droplet, only host is human
-treatment: erythromycin
-vaccine: DaTP
97
Q

-aceae

A

family

98
Q

E. Coli

A

Part of normal body flora in the intestinal tract

cause: UTI’s, cystitis, pyelonephritis

99
Q

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli

A

strain of E. Coli that infects cattle
especially seen in ground beef that is undercooked
raw milk is another carrier

100
Q

Salmonella

A

Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-found in GI tract of humans and lifestock

101
Q

Salmonella typhmurium and enteritidis

A

2 most common salmonella in USA that case food poisoning

102
Q

Salmonella Enteritidis

A

gets inside the egg yolk. 10 cells of it can make you sick

103
Q

Salmonella Typhi

A

Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes typhoid fever

104
Q

shigella

A

gram neg. rod.

4 species cause disease in humans

105
Q

shigella dysenteriae

A

Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes bacillary dysentery (shigellosis)
-produces exotoxins which kill cells
-also called traveler’s diarrhea - destroys lining of L. intestine

106
Q

shigella sonnei

A

Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes a less severe form of shigellosis
-most common strain in USA

107
Q

Klebsiella Pneumoniae

A 
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes classic pneumonia
-contains polysaccharide capsule that causes macrophages to slide off when they try to digest it
-common cause of nosocomial infections
108
Q

seratia marcescens

A

Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-can cause UTI, respiratory infection, hospital infection, and septicemia (bacteria dividing in the blood)

109
Q

Proroteus vulgaris

A

Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-can cause UTI, infant diarrhea, nosocomial infections
-peritrichous: has flagella all around it

110
Q

Yersinia Pestis

A

Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes bubonic plague
-carried by rats, squirrels (vector = flea)
-treatment: questionable but, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

111
Q

enterobacter

A

2 strains that cause significant infection

  • Cloacae: UTI, nosocomial infections
  • aerogenes: contaminated water and soil
  • generally less virulent than Klebsiella
112
Q

Neisseria

A

Domain: bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Most species are normal inhabitants of upper respiratory tract

113
Q

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae

A

Domain: bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
-causes STD gonorrhea

114
Q

Neisseria Meningitidis

A

Domain: bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
-encapsulated, humans are its only reservoir
-transmitted by droplet
-causes meningitis
-treatment: very difficult because of BBB, ceftriaxone, cefotaxamine

115
Q

Bordella Pertussis

A 
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobateria 
-causes whooping cough, spread by droplet, only host is human
-treatment: erythromycin
-vaccine: DaTP
116
Q

francisella tularensis

A

domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes tularemia (rabbit fever)

117
Q

E. Coli

A

Part of normal body flora in the intestinal tract

cause: UTI’s, cystitis, pyelonephritis

118
Q

Enterohemorrhagic E. coli

A

strain of E. Coli that infects cattle
especially seen in ground beef that is undercooked
raw milk is another carrier

119
Q

Salmonella

A

Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-found in GI tract of humans and lifestock

120
Q

Salmonella typhmurium and enteritidis

A

2 most common salmonella in USA that case food poisoning

121
Q

Salmonella Enteritidis

A

gets inside the egg yolk. 10 cells of it can make you sick

122
Q

Salmonella Typhi

A

Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes typhoid fever

123
Q

shigella

A

gram neg. rod.

4 species cause disease in humans

124
Q

shigella dysenteriae

A

Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes bacillary dysentery (shigellosis)
-produces exotoxins which kill cells
-also called traveler’s diarrhea - destroys lining of L. intestine

125
Q

shigella sonnei

A

Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes a less severe form of shigellosis
-most common strain in USA

126
Q

Klebsiella Pneumoniae

A 
Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes classic pneumonia
-contains polysaccharide capsule that causes macrophages to slide off when they try to digest it
-common cause of nosocomial infections
127
Q

seratia marcescens

A

Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-can cause UTI, respiratory infection, hospital infection, and septicemia (bacteria dividing in the blood)

128
Q

streptococcus agalactiae

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- STD and birth transmitted, causes neonatal sepsis and meningitis
- treatment: penicillin, ampicillin

129
Q

Yersinia Pestis

A

Domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes bubonic plague
-carried by rats, squirrels (vector = flea)
-treatment: questionable but, ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

130
Q

enterobacter

A

2 strains that cause significant infection

  • Cloacae: UTI, nosocomial infections
  • aerogenes: contaminated water and soil
  • generally less virulent than Klebsiella
131
Q

haemophilus influenzae

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: proteobacteria
- causes meningitis in children
- transmitted by respiratory droplets
- common inhabitant of the mouth, intestines, vagina, and respiratory tract
- Treatment: ceftriaxone, trimethoprim-culfamethoxazole

132
Q

pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-mainly causes infection in immunocompromised people
-can cause UTI, meningitis
-infections in healthy people: dermatitis and otitis externa, also known as swimmers ear

133
Q

bacillus anthracis

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- causes anthrax in animals
- discovered by Robert koch

134
Q

coxiella burnetii

A

domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes Q fever
-airborne or foodborne

135
Q

francisella tularensis

A

domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes tularemia (rabbit fever)

136
Q

vibrio cholerae

A

domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causative agent of cholera
-treatment: electrolyte, fluid replacement, tetracycline

137
Q

campylobacter jejuni

A

domain: bacteria
Phylum: proteobacteria
-causes food poisoning
-can cause abortion in cattle and sheep

138
Q

helicobacter pylori

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: proteobacteria
- causes peptic disease syndrome (ulcers)
- only host is human

139
Q

chlamydia trachomatis

A

domain: bacteria
Phylum: chlamydiae
-STD, causes trachoma which leads to blindnesss

140
Q

chlamydia pneumoniae

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: chlamydiae
- causes “walking pneumonia”; not sever enough to require hospital stay
- treatment: erythromycin, doxycycline

141
Q

bacteroides spp.

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: bacteroidetes
- infection results from wounds or punctures, often caused by surgery

142
Q

fusobacterium spp.

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: fusobacteria
- caused by another humans bite, can cause trench mouth and rat bite fever

143
Q

lactobacillus

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- common inhabitant of vagina, intestinal tract, and oral cavity. produces lactic acid

144
Q

streptococcus

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- most do not cause disease and are normal part of body
- produce hemolysins which lyse red blood cells

145
Q

streptolysins

A

enzymes responsible for rupture of red blood cells

146
Q

streptococcus pyogenes

A 
domain: bacteria
Phylum: firmicutes
-flesh eating bacteria
-causes impetigo, rheumatic fever, necrotizing fasciitis
-treatment: penicillins
147
Q

streptococcus agalactiae

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- STD and birth transmitted
- treatment: penicillin, ampicillin

148
Q

Streptococcus Pneumoniae

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- causes pneumonia, meningitis, swimmers ear, and sinusitis
- treatment: penicillin

149
Q

listeria monocytogenes

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- causes listeriosis

150
Q

staph

A

gram pos., some species are coagulase pos.

151
Q

Staph. aureus

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- most pathogenic of staph
- causes toxic shock syndrome, food poison, folliculitis, furuncle, and some acne
- treatment: penicillins

152
Q

bacillus anthracis

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes

153
Q

clostridium

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- commonly found in soil contaminated by fecal matter

154
Q

clostridium tetani

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- causes tetanus, a form of paralysis

155
Q

clostridium botulinum

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- found primarily in soil, used in botox
- also found in sealed cans producing an exotoxin that blocks the release of ACH, causing flaccid paralysis

156
Q

clostridium perfringens

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: firmicutes
- the most common cause of gas gangrene

157
Q

M. pneumoniae

A

domain: bacteria
Phylum: tenericutes
-causes atypical pneumonia AKA “walking pneumonia”
-treatment: tetracycline or erythromycin

158
Q

ureaplasma urealyticum and M. hominis

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: tenericutes
- cause inflammation of reproductive organs (STD’s)
- treatment: tetracycline or erythromycin

159
Q

corynebacterium diptheriae

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: actinobacteria
- causes diptheria

160
Q

mycobacterium leprae

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: actinobacteria
- causes leprosy
- 10-12 million cases worldwide
- treatment: mix of dapson and rifampin

161
Q

M. tuberculosis

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: actinobacteria
- causes tuberculosis
- usually develops in mid-zone of lung
- 1/3 of the worlds population is infected
- treatment: mix therapy of isoniazid and rifampin for 6-12 months

162
Q

Propionibacterium acnes

A

domain: bacteria
phylum: propionibacteraceae
- major cause of acne
- commonly found on human skin, infects 17 million people in the USA. 85% of which are teenagers

163
Q

Mycology

A

the study of fungi

164
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

use organic molecules as a source of carbon and energy

165
Q

what are the cell wall of fungi made out of?

A

glucans, mannans, and chitin

166
Q

how do fungi spores reproduce

A

asexual and sexual

167
Q

sexual reproduction in spores uses ______.

A

meiosis

168
Q

asexual reproduction in spores uses _______.

A

Mitosis

169
Q

mitosis in spores forms _______.

A

Diploid cells (2n)

170
Q

meiosis in spores forms ________.

A

Haploid cells (n)

171
Q

do fungi grow better in acidic or basic conditions?

A

acidic conditions

172
Q

are molds aerobic or anaerobic?

A

aerobic, so they grow on surfaces

173
Q

fungi need ______ to be classified in the zygomycota phylum.

A

a sporangium

174
Q

Septate hypha

A

cells walls are clearly defined in the fungi

175
Q

Coenoctytic hypha

A

cell walls are not clearly defined in the fungi, and it is hard to tell where one cell ends and another begins

176
Q

sporangium

A

the sac that holds the spores in fungi

177
Q

sporangiophore

A

the stock on which the sporangium is held

178
Q

Mycelia

A

fuzz we see when we look at mold

179
Q

aerial mycelia

A

mycelia that grow up

180
Q

karyogamy

A

production of haploid spores

181
Q

the fungi that are in the phylum anamorphs, have lost the ability to ________.

A

reproduce sexually

182
Q

the fungi that are in the phylum Ascomycota, are termed __________.

A

“sac fungi”, because spores are produced inside as sac called the ascus, which contains 8 spores

183
Q

Canidiospores

A

spores that are not enclosed in a sac

184
Q

Mycosis(es)

A

any fungal infection

185
Q

systemic mycoses

A

fungal infections deep within the body, caused by inhalation of spores
ex) angel of death mushroom. puffball mushroom that releases toxic spores that can kill a human in days

186
Q

Histoplasmosis

A 
domain: fungi
Phylum: ascomycota
-caused by histoplasma capsulatum
-superficially resembles TB
-causes 50 deaths/year in the USA
-transmission: airborne conidia
-treatment: amphotericin B or itraconazole
187
Q

medications that end in -azole are typically drugs used to treat ______.

A

fungal infections

188
Q

coccidioidomycosis

A

domain: fungi
phylum: anamorphs
- caused by coccidioides immitis
- resembles TB, AKA valley fever or san Joaquin fever
- 100,000 cases a year, 50-100 deaths/year
- treatment: ketoconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B

189
Q

Crytococcosis

A

domain: fungi
phylum: basidiomycota
- causative agent: crytococcus neoformans
- transmitted through pigeon droppings
- has a very large capsule making it hard for drugs to penetrate it

190
Q

superficial mycoses

A
  • localized infections of hair, skin, or nails on outer surface
  • rare in US but found in tropics
  • ex) Piedras (“stones”) nodules that form on the hair shaft
191
Q

dermatophytes

A

fungi that colonize hair, nails, and stratum corneum.
infections are called dermatomycoses
ex) ringworms or tineas

192
Q

tinea pedis

A

athlete’s foot

193
Q

tinea cruris

A

jock itch

194
Q

tinea capitis

A

ringworm of the head

195
Q

trichophyton

A

infects hair, skin, and nails

ascomycota

196
Q

microsporum

A

infects hair or skin

ascomycota

197
Q

epidermophyton

A

infects skin and nails

anamorphs

198
Q

treatment for dermatomycoses?

A

miconazole, clotrimazole, and tolnaftate

199
Q

subcutaneous mycoses

A

fungal infections beneath the skin

infection occurs by invasion of spores into puncture or cut

200
Q

sporotrichosis

A

caused by sporohrix schenkii
phylum: anamorph
found in soil, most cases occur in gardeners

201
Q

opportunistic fungal infections

A

caused by fungi that do not normally cause infections

202
Q

mycormycosis

A

caused by rhizopus, mucor

infects patients with ketoacidosis from diabetes, leukemia, and immunosuppressive drugs

203
Q

apergillosis

A

caused by apergillus spores

occurs in patients with lung disease or cancer that have inhaled the spores

204
Q

candidiasis

A

caused by candida albicans
normal body flora
causes vaginal infections and thrush
treatment: fluconazole

205
Q

pneumocystis pneumonia

A

caused by pneumocystis jiroveci
opportunistic pathogen
one of the major pathogens in patients with AIDS
treatment: trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole

206
Q

Phycology or algology

A

the study of algae

207
Q

planktonic algae produce about __% of the worlds oxygen

A

80%

208
Q

dinoflagellata

A

cell walls composed of cellulose and silica plates
most contain 2 flagella
many cause “red tides” in the ocean
some are biolumanescent

209
Q

alexandrium spp.

A

Produce neurotoxins which cases paralytic shellfish poisoning and “red tides”

210
Q

peridinium spp.

A

also causes “red tide” and PSP

211
Q

Bacillariophyta: diatoms

A

store energy captured through photosynthesis as oil instead of CHO’s
used to make oil, chalk, makeup, etc.
can cause domoic acid poisoning if it infects something we eat

Microbiology 251 (3 decks)

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