Lecture Exam 1 - Ch. 1,4,5,14 Flashcards
Epidemiology
the science of determining when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted
Pathology
The Study of disease
Pathogenesis
Manner in which a disease develops
Etiology
Cause of a disease
Normal Flora
Microorganisms which establish a permanent residence in our bodies but do not produce disease
Symbiosis
Relationship between normal flora and their host
types of symbiosis
1) Mutualism
2) Parasitism
Mutualism
benefits both the host and the organism
ex) E. Coli in the large intestine synthesizes Vitamin K and B while the large intestine supplies nutrients for the bacteria
Parasitism
one organism is benefitted at the others expense
ex) a tapeworm
Opportunistic infections
potential pathogenic organisms that ordinarily do not cause disease in their normal habitat
ex) E. Coli cause infections in other parts of the body it isn’t supposed to be in
Communicable Disease
spread from one host to another
Incidence
number of individuals that contract a disease within a certain span of time (usually a year)
Prevalence
% of population having a disease in a given time
Frequency
How often a disease occurs
Sporadic
disease occurs occasionally
Endemic
disease constantly present in a population
ex) common cold
Epidemic
many people acquire the disease in a short time
ex) the flu
Pandemic
Disease is occurring worldwide
Incubation Period
time between initial infection and appearance of symptoms
Prodromal Period
early, mild symptoms
Period of Illness
period when disease is the most acute. most severe symptoms occur
Period of Decline
Symptoms subside
Period of convalescence
Recovery, not 100% but up there
Acute Disease
Develops rapidly, lasts only a short while
ex) flu
Chronic Illness
Develops slowly, can be continual or recurrent
Subacute disease
Disease which if intermediate
Latent disease
Causative agent remains inactive then becomes active
Local Infection
Organism limited to a small area of the body
Systemic Infection
organism is spread throughout the body by blood or lymph
Bacteremia
presence of bacteria in the blood
Viremia
Presence of virus in the blood
Septicemia
Bacteria dividing in the blood
Toxemia
toxins in the blood
Primary infection
Initial cause of the illness
Secondary Infection
infections caused by opportunistic organisms after the primary infection has weakened the host
Reservoir of infection
continual source of the disease causing organism
can be living or non living
Non-living reservoirs
soil, water
Zoonoses
diseases which occur in animals but can be transmitted to humans
Direct contact transmission
contact of an agent from its source to a susceptible host. person to person, kissing, touching, intercourse
Indirect contact transmission
transmission from reservoir to host by a non-living object
Fomite
a nonliving transmitter of disease such as a door handle
Droplet infection transmission
droplets of mucous or saliva spread in the air by coughing or sneezing
Common vehicle transmission
transmission of a disease by a common inanimate reservoir such as food, water, blood, drugs
Vectors
animals that carry disease from one host to another
ex) mosquitos
Nosocomial infections
infections acquired as a result of a hospital stay
Morbidity
incident of notifiable diseases
Mortality
Notifiable disease deaths
Notifiable Diseases
physicians required by law to report any sign of certain diseases to the U.S. Public Health Services
ex) anthrax, cholera, diphtheria, etc.
Robert Hooke
1665 - reported that smallest units of life were cells, part of the beginning of cell theory
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
1683 - first to observe microorganisms
Spontaneous Generations
the idea that life arose from nonlife, such as toads and snakes arising from mud because they came out when it rained
Francisco Redi
1668 - Proved maggots did not arise from decaying meat by putting meat in jars and covering with cheese cloth
John Needham
1745 - Heated chicken and corn broth, poured into flasks and covered them. “grew” microorganisms
Lazzaro Spallanzini
1765 - Heated broth like Needham but after sealing containers. no growth
Louis Pasteur
1861 - Disproved spon. gen. poured broth into flasks. then heated the neck and bent it and heated the broth. no growth. vital force should have been able to get into the open container through bent neck if it existed.
Louis Pasteur’s contributions
- developed fowl cholera vaccine
- anthrax vaccine in animals
- rabies vaccine in humans
- saved the wine and beer industry with pasteurization
Golden Age of Microbiology
1857-1914: age that established micro. as a true science
Germ theory of disease
showed that microorganisms cause disease
Robert Koch
1876 - established Koch’s postulates
Koch’s Postulates
1) same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2) Pathogen must be isolated from diseased host and grown in a culture
3) Pathogen from pure culture must cause the disease when introduced to a healthy, susceptible animal
4) pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original pathogen
Edward Jenner
1796-98: performed first vaccination against smallpox (Immunology)
Dmitri Ivanowsky
1892 - found that cause of tobacco mosaic disease was small enough to pass through filters
Wendell Stanley
showed causative agent of tobacco mosaic disease was a virus
recombinant DNA technology
first experiment was in 1970
Prokaryotes
No nucleus
no histone proteins
cell wall
divide by binary fission, not mitosis or meiosis
can contain Plasmids - small circular double stranded pieces of DNA
Eukaryotes
have chromosomes associated with histones
have nuclear envelope
have a cell wall composed of cellulose (plant) or chitin (fungi)
have many membrane bound organelles
shapes - bacillus
rod shaped
shapes - coccobacillus
Egg shaped
shapes - coccus
round
Shapes - spiral
twisted
Diplococci
2 coccus bound together
Streptococci
4 coccus bound together
staphylococci
Multiple coccus bound together in a lump
Diplobacillus
2 bacillus bound togther
Streptobacillus
4 bacillus bound
Pleomorphic
can have many shapes
Cell wall
prevents rupture from osmotic pressure
in gram-pos. cells it retains crystal violet dye
in gram-neg. cells it retains safranin (pink) dye
Glycocalyx
"sugar coating", all substances which surround the cell wall function - protection and attachment to host
2 types of Glycocalyces
1) capsule - organized and firmly attached
2) slime layer - loosely attached and unorganized (mucoid)
Flagellum
found in some prokaryotes
mobilizes the cell
Taxis
movement of bacteria toward or away from a stimulus, chemical (chemotaxis) or Light (phototaxis)
Monotrichous
1 flagella
amphitrichous
flagella on both ends of the cell
lophotrichous
more than 1 flagella on one end
pertrichous
flagella all around the cell
Axial filaments
found mostly in spirochetes, 1 flagellum on each pole wraps around the cell and their contraction and relaxation move the cell
Pili
hollow tubes made out of pilin (protein)
allow for conjunction (connection of organisms) and the transfer of DNA
Finbriae
made of pilin, allow for adherence
smaller and more numerous than Pili
Porins
small, specific protein channels that allow movement of small molecules through the cell wall such as iron, maltose, vitamin B12
Teichoic acid in the cell wall
found in Gram + cells
binds cations, prevents wall breakdown during growth, and stores phosphates to make ATP
How do Antibiotics work?
they interfere with cell wall synthesis by breaking the cross-linking chain of tetrapeptide to NAG-NAM polymers
Lysozyme
prevent colonization of bacteria by destroying cell walls
Isotonic Solution
even NACl inside and outside the cell
Hypotonic Solution
less NACl outside the cell than inside, causing NACl want to move out of the cell
Hypertonic Solution
More NACl outside the cell than inside, causing NACL to go into the cell
Diffusion
movement of molecules from a higher concentration to lower concentration
osmosis
diffusion of water
solvent
item being dissolved
solute
item doing the dissolving
Crenation
RBC shriveling up
Plasmolysis
inhibits cell division
facilitated diffusion
carrier mediated movement
chromatophores
infoldings of plasma membrane which contain enzymes for photosynthesis
Nuclear area
area where bacterial chromosome is found
plasmids
found in nuclear area
small circular, double stranded DNA containing mating and antibiotic resistance genes
inclusions
things that get stuck in the cytoplasm tat can be stained for
metachromatic granules
inclusions which stain red with ethylene blue, indicating that they store phosphorous
Volutin
name given to describe all metachromatic granules in a cell
polysaccharide granules
starch, stains blue w/ iodine, glycogen stains red w/ iodine
lipid inclusions
stain w/ sudan red
Sulfur granules
found in the thiobacilli`
Endspore/Sporulation
resnig cells formed by certain gram + bacteria under conditions of low food/water
Sporulation overview
Replicates DNA folds PM around new DNA wraps new DNA in 2 membranes puts layer of peptidoglycan between membranes adds another layer of lipid sends spore on its way
how much ATP is produced in glycolysis?
2 in glycolysis alone, but if counting the NADH in the ETS, it makes 8
how much ATP is produced in the Transition step?
6 ATP
How much ATP is produced in the Krebs cycle?
24 ATP
How much ATP is produced by breakdown of a molecule of glucose?
40 ATP
How much ATP is actually produced for use per molecule of glucose?
36 ATP
Chemotrophs
Use energy from chemicals
Phototrophs
Use light energy
