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Microbiology 251 > Lecture Exam 1 - Ch. 1,4,5,14 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 - Ch. 1,4,5,14 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

the science of determining when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted

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2
Q

Pathology

A

The Study of disease

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3
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Manner in which a disease develops

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4
Q

Etiology

A

Cause of a disease

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5
Q

Normal Flora

A

Microorganisms which establish a permanent residence in our bodies but do not produce disease

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6
Q

Symbiosis

A

Relationship between normal flora and their host

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7
Q

types of symbiosis

A

1) Mutualism

2) Parasitism

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8
Q

Mutualism

A

benefits both the host and the organism
ex) E. Coli in the large intestine synthesizes Vitamin K and B while the large intestine supplies nutrients for the bacteria

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9
Q

Parasitism

A

one organism is benefitted at the others expense

ex) a tapeworm

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10
Q

Opportunistic infections

A

potential pathogenic organisms that ordinarily do not cause disease in their normal habitat
ex) E. Coli cause infections in other parts of the body it isn’t supposed to be in

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11
Q

Communicable Disease

A

spread from one host to another

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12
Q

Incidence

A

number of individuals that contract a disease within a certain span of time (usually a year)

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13
Q

Prevalence

A

% of population having a disease in a given time

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14
Q

Frequency

A

How often a disease occurs

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15
Q

Sporadic

A

disease occurs occasionally

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16
Q

Endemic

A

disease constantly present in a population

ex) common cold

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17
Q

Epidemic

A

many people acquire the disease in a short time

ex) the flu

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18
Q

Pandemic

A

Disease is occurring worldwide

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19
Q

Incubation Period

A

time between initial infection and appearance of symptoms

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20
Q

Prodromal Period

A

early, mild symptoms

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21
Q

Period of Illness

A

period when disease is the most acute. most severe symptoms occur

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22
Q

Period of Decline

A

Symptoms subside

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23
Q

Period of convalescence

A

Recovery, not 100% but up there

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24
Q

Acute Disease

A

Develops rapidly, lasts only a short while

ex) flu

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25
Q

Chronic Illness

A

Develops slowly, can be continual or recurrent

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26
Q

Subacute disease

A

Disease which if intermediate

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27
Q

Latent disease

A

Causative agent remains inactive then becomes active

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28
Q

Local Infection

A

Organism limited to a small area of the body

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29
Q

Systemic Infection

A

organism is spread throughout the body by blood or lymph

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30
Q

Bacteremia

A

presence of bacteria in the blood

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31
Q

Viremia

A

Presence of virus in the blood

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32
Q

Septicemia

A

Bacteria dividing in the blood

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33
Q

Toxemia

A

toxins in the blood

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34
Q

Primary infection

A

Initial cause of the illness

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35
Q

Secondary Infection

A

infections caused by opportunistic organisms after the primary infection has weakened the host

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36
Q

Reservoir of infection

A

continual source of the disease causing organism

can be living or non living

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37
Q

Non-living reservoirs

A

soil, water

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38
Q

Zoonoses

A

diseases which occur in animals but can be transmitted to humans

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39
Q

Direct contact transmission

A

contact of an agent from its source to a susceptible host. person to person, kissing, touching, intercourse

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40
Q

Indirect contact transmission

A

transmission from reservoir to host by a non-living object

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41
Q

Fomite

A

a nonliving transmitter of disease such as a door handle

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42
Q

Droplet infection transmission

A

droplets of mucous or saliva spread in the air by coughing or sneezing

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43
Q

Common vehicle transmission

A

transmission of a disease by a common inanimate reservoir such as food, water, blood, drugs

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44
Q

Vectors

A

animals that carry disease from one host to another

ex) mosquitos

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45
Q

Nosocomial infections

A

infections acquired as a result of a hospital stay

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46
Q

Morbidity

A

incident of notifiable diseases

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47
Q

Mortality

A

Notifiable disease deaths

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48
Q

Notifiable Diseases

A

physicians required by law to report any sign of certain diseases to the U.S. Public Health Services
ex) anthrax, cholera, diphtheria, etc.

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49
Q

Robert Hooke

A

1665 - reported that smallest units of life were cells, part of the beginning of cell theory

50
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

A

1683 - first to observe microorganisms

51
Q

Spontaneous Generations

A

the idea that life arose from nonlife, such as toads and snakes arising from mud because they came out when it rained

52
Q

Francisco Redi

A

1668 - Proved maggots did not arise from decaying meat by putting meat in jars and covering with cheese cloth

53
Q

John Needham

A

1745 - Heated chicken and corn broth, poured into flasks and covered them. “grew” microorganisms

54
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzini

A

1765 - Heated broth like Needham but after sealing containers. no growth

55
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

1861 - Disproved spon. gen. poured broth into flasks. then heated the neck and bent it and heated the broth. no growth. vital force should have been able to get into the open container through bent neck if it existed.

56
Q

Louis Pasteur’s contributions

A
  • developed fowl cholera vaccine
  • anthrax vaccine in animals
  • rabies vaccine in humans
  • saved the wine and beer industry with pasteurization
57
Q

Golden Age of Microbiology

A

1857-1914: age that established micro. as a true science

58
Q

Germ theory of disease

A

showed that microorganisms cause disease

59
Q

Robert Koch

A

1876 - established Koch’s postulates

60
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A

1) same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
2) Pathogen must be isolated from diseased host and grown in a culture
3) Pathogen from pure culture must cause the disease when introduced to a healthy, susceptible animal
4) pathogen must be isolated from inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original pathogen

61
Q

Edward Jenner

A

1796-98: performed first vaccination against smallpox (Immunology)

62
Q

Dmitri Ivanowsky

A

1892 - found that cause of tobacco mosaic disease was small enough to pass through filters

63
Q

Wendell Stanley

A

showed causative agent of tobacco mosaic disease was a virus

64
Q

recombinant DNA technology

A

first experiment was in 1970

65
Q

Prokaryotes

A

No nucleus
no histone proteins
cell wall
divide by binary fission, not mitosis or meiosis
can contain Plasmids - small circular double stranded pieces of DNA

66
Q

Eukaryotes

A

have chromosomes associated with histones
have nuclear envelope
have a cell wall composed of cellulose (plant) or chitin (fungi)
have many membrane bound organelles

67
Q

shapes - bacillus

A

rod shaped

68
Q

shapes - coccobacillus

A

Egg shaped

69
Q

shapes - coccus

A

round

70
Q

Shapes - spiral

A

twisted

71
Q

Diplococci

A

2 coccus bound together

72
Q

Streptococci

A

4 coccus bound together

73
Q

staphylococci

A

Multiple coccus bound together in a lump

74
Q

Diplobacillus

A

2 bacillus bound togther

75
Q

Streptobacillus

A

4 bacillus bound

76
Q

Pleomorphic

A

can have many shapes

77
Q

Cell wall

A

prevents rupture from osmotic pressure
in gram-pos. cells it retains crystal violet dye
in gram-neg. cells it retains safranin (pink) dye

78
Q

Glycocalyx

A 
"sugar coating", all substances which surround the cell wall
function - protection and attachment to host
79
Q

2 types of Glycocalyces

A

1) capsule - organized and firmly attached

2) slime layer - loosely attached and unorganized (mucoid)

80
Q

Flagellum

A

found in some prokaryotes

mobilizes the cell

81
Q

Taxis

A

movement of bacteria toward or away from a stimulus, chemical (chemotaxis) or Light (phototaxis)

82
Q

Monotrichous

A

1 flagella

83
Q

amphitrichous

A

flagella on both ends of the cell

84
Q

lophotrichous

A

more than 1 flagella on one end

85
Q

pertrichous

A

flagella all around the cell

86
Q

Axial filaments

A

found mostly in spirochetes, 1 flagellum on each pole wraps around the cell and their contraction and relaxation move the cell

87
Q

Pili

A

hollow tubes made out of pilin (protein)

allow for conjunction (connection of organisms) and the transfer of DNA

88
Q

Finbriae

A

made of pilin, allow for adherence

smaller and more numerous than Pili

89
Q

Porins

A

small, specific protein channels that allow movement of small molecules through the cell wall such as iron, maltose, vitamin B12

90
Q

Teichoic acid in the cell wall

A

found in Gram + cells

binds cations, prevents wall breakdown during growth, and stores phosphates to make ATP

91
Q

How do Antibiotics work?

A

they interfere with cell wall synthesis by breaking the cross-linking chain of tetrapeptide to NAG-NAM polymers

92
Q

Lysozyme

A

prevent colonization of bacteria by destroying cell walls

93
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

even NACl inside and outside the cell

94
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

less NACl outside the cell than inside, causing NACl want to move out of the cell

95
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

More NACl outside the cell than inside, causing NACL to go into the cell

96
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of molecules from a higher concentration to lower concentration

97
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water

98
Q

solvent

A

item being dissolved

99
Q

solute

A

item doing the dissolving

100
Q

Crenation

A

RBC shriveling up

101
Q

Plasmolysis

A

inhibits cell division

102
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

carrier mediated movement

103
Q

chromatophores

A

infoldings of plasma membrane which contain enzymes for photosynthesis

104
Q

Nuclear area

A

area where bacterial chromosome is found

105
Q

plasmids

A

found in nuclear area

small circular, double stranded DNA containing mating and antibiotic resistance genes

106
Q

inclusions

A

things that get stuck in the cytoplasm tat can be stained for

107
Q

metachromatic granules

A

inclusions which stain red with ethylene blue, indicating that they store phosphorous

108
Q

Volutin

A

name given to describe all metachromatic granules in a cell

109
Q

polysaccharide granules

A

starch, stains blue w/ iodine, glycogen stains red w/ iodine

110
Q

lipid inclusions

A

stain w/ sudan red

111
Q

Sulfur granules

A

found in the thiobacilli`

112
Q

Endspore/Sporulation

A

resnig cells formed by certain gram + bacteria under conditions of low food/water

113
Q

Sporulation overview

A 
Replicates DNA
folds PM around new DNA
wraps new DNA in 2 membranes
puts layer of peptidoglycan between membranes
adds another layer of lipid
sends spore on its way
114
Q

how much ATP is produced in glycolysis?

A

2 in glycolysis alone, but if counting the NADH in the ETS, it makes 8

115
Q

how much ATP is produced in the Transition step?

A

6 ATP

116
Q

How much ATP is produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

24 ATP

117
Q

How much ATP is produced by breakdown of a molecule of glucose?

A

40 ATP

118
Q

How much ATP is actually produced for use per molecule of glucose?

A

36 ATP

119
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Use energy from chemicals

120
Q

Phototrophs

A

Use light energy

Microbiology 251 (3 decks)

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