Lecture Exam #2 Flashcards
1
Q
exercise response of expired ventilation rate
A
increases with a breakaway at AnT
2
Q
effects of submaximal/maximal training on tidal volume
A
higher/higher
3
Q
effects of submax/max training on expired ventilation rate
A
lower/higher
4
Q
effects of submax/max training on pulmonary diffusion capacity
A
higher/higher
5
Q
effects of submax/max training on respiratory rate
A
lower/higher
6
Q
effects of submax/max training on carbon dioxide production rate
A
lower/hiher
7
Q
effects of submax/max training on oxygen uptake rate
A
slightly lower/higher
8
Q
what does an increase in exercise intensity and workload lead to
A
increase in metabolism, CHO, decrease in fat
increase in FT, decrease in ST
9
Q
what does an increase in metabolism, CHO and decrease in fat lead to
A
increase pyruvate to acetyl CoA
increase in Krebs cycle activity
10
Q
what does an increase in pyruvate to acetyl CoA and Krebs cycle activity lead to
A
increase in CO2 production
11
Q
responsibility of chemoreceptors
A
detect increase in CO2 and decrease in pH from lactate, which stimulate breakaway at anaerobic threshold
12
Q
why do trained individuals have a lower tidal volume during submax exercise than untrained individuals
A
they have an increased ability for gas exchange with circulation
decreased sensitivity of chemoreceptors to respiratory stimulators
13
Q
location of chemoreceptors
A
medulla oblongata
aortic arch
carotid bodies
14
Q
what is the greather ability for gas exchange with circulation in trained individuals due to
A
greather capillarization
larger lung volumes
greater alveolar ventilation rate
greater blood volume and hemoglobin levels
15
Q
calculation for inspired ventilation
A
VE = VT(depth) * F(frequency)
16
Q
calculation for alveolar ventilation
A
VA = (VT(depth) - VD(dead space) * F(frequency)
17
Q
partial pressure O2/CO2 in atmosphere
A
159/0.3
18
Q
relation of partial pressure O2/CO2 as air moves through body
A
difference decrease
when air expired, more CO2 than O2
19
Q
calculation of partial pressure O2
A
Pb(barometric pressure) * [O2]
barometric pressure * 20.93%
20
Q
calculation of partial pressure CO2
A
Pb * [CO2]
21
Q
Pb at sea leavel
A
760 mmHg
22
Q
pulmonary diffusion
A
capillaries open around arounud alveoli -> increase in O2 diffusion
23
Q
why does a trained person have a greate pulmonary diffusion capacity
A
more capillaries around alveoli
increase in size of alveoli
increase in blood volume and hemoblobin levels
24
Q
what is the diffusion path affected by
A
alveolar membrane interstitial fluid capillary membrane plasma RBCs
25
what does oxygen in blood depend on
```
ventilation
pulmonary diffusion capacity, characteristics of diffusion pathway
diffusion gradient and diffusion time
altitude
charcteristics of blood
```
26
how is the biggest amount of oxygen transported through the body
carried by hemoglobin
27
oxygen extraction
arterial - venous oxygen difference
| we do not extract all the oxygen available
28
how much hemoglobin is in 100ml of blood
15.4 gm
29
how much oxygen can 1 hemoblobin molecule carry
4 O2 molecules
30
how much O2 can one gram of hemoglobin carry
1.34 ml
31
why do females have a lower hemoglobin level
due to the menstrual cycle
32
what is responsible for the drop of Po2 and increase Pco2 when going from atmospheric air to in alveoli
dilution with residual gases in alveoli of lungs
33
Po2 and Pco2 in arterial and venous blood
arterial: 100/40
venous: 40/46
34
what causes a decrease in pulmonary diffusion capacity
smoking
not enough H2O drinking
membrane damages through diabetes
decrease in blood and RBC volume
35
what does hemoglobin consist of
4 heme groups attached to globin
36
what does the hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve descrive
how much oxygen is bound to hemoglobin for a given partial pressure of oxygen
37
realtionship between Po2 and hemoglobin saturation
the higher the partial pressure of oxgen is the greater the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen
not linear, rather sigmoidal relationship
38
what causes sigmoidal relationship between Po2 and hemoglobin saturation
the allosteric nature of hemoglobin
39
what enhances oxygen availability
two-fold characteristic of hemoglobin
| binding and release is cooperative
40
what does it mean when binding and release of oxygen from hemoglobin is cooperative
binding of oxygen to one heme enhances enahnces binding of oxygen to other heme - same with release
41
with what does hemoglobin oxygen dissociation curve work in conjunction with
diffusion gradient
42
two states of hemoglobin
oxyhemoglob
| deoxyhemoglobin
43
oxyhemoglobin
relaxed state
| hemoglobin is highly satured with oxygen
44
deoxyhemoglobin
taut state
| oxygen has difficult time binding to heme group
45
what shifts the hb O2 dissociation curve to the right
decrease in pH
increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide
temperature
2,3-DPG levels
46
how does the shift of the hb O2 dissociation curve to the right affect the loading of hemoglobin with oxygen in the lung capillaries and the unloading in the muscle tissue capillaries
lung capillaries: minimal effects
| unloading of O2 at muscle tissue capillaries: significant increase due to reduction in affinity
47
what does the bohr effect describe
enhancing oxygen availability during exercise to tissue due to higher levels of Pco2 and hydrogen ions
decrease in pH
48
what does the haldane effect describe
high Po2 in alveoli increases release of CO2 and H+ from hemoglobin in the lungs
increases removal of CO2 and H+ from body
49
why is endurance performance worse at high altitude
due to lower Pb, Po2 is lower -> hemoglobin saturation is reduced
50
when does altitude have an effect on maximal oxygen uptake rate
above 1,500m
| every extra 1000m -> VO2max decreases by 10%
51
what is one of the first major adaption to altitude after 48 hours
increase in 2,3-DPG levels -> increasing oxygen availability to tissue by 26-folds -> increasing endurance
52
calculation of cardiac output
Q = pressure gradient/resistance
| or Q = SV * HR
53
what affects resistance
viscosity
length
vasodialation
54
what aids venous return flow
pressure head
muscle pump
intrathoracic pressure change
vasocontriction
55
systolic, mean, and diastolic pressure in the arteries, capillaries and veins
systolic starts at a little higher than 120 mmHg
mean at 100 mmHg
diastolic at 80 at a little higher than 80 mmHg
all 3 decrease to almost 0mmHg in veins
56
where do systolic, mean and diastolic pressure hit the same level
from arterioles to capillaries
57
what is the driving force of blood in circulatory system
mean blood pressure
58
how can cariac output be increase
by increasing pressure gradient and decreasing resistance
59
why does mean blood pressure tends to go up during exersice
due to an increase in systolic output
60
why does peripheral resistance with increasing exercise decrease
due to vasodialation of muscle tissue capillaries
61
why do untrained people have a greater cardiac output during submax exercise
greater SV and HR necessary to fullfil O2 demand
62
who has a greater maximal cardiac output
trained person
63
fick equation
VO2 = Q * O2 extraction rate
64
O2 extraction rate
arterial - venous O2 level
65
trained vs. untrained individual´s SV
trained individual has always a greater SV
66
relation between trained/untrained individual and SV with increasing workload
untrained SV plateaus at less work and at lower level (30%)
| trained SV plateaus later and at 50% of max
67
Realtion between trained/untrained individual and HR with increasing workload
trained has lower resting and submax HR but no difference in max. HR
68
blood pressure characteristics with increasing workload
increase in systolic and mean BP
| stable diastolic BP
69
calculation of SV
SV = End distolic volume - End systolic volume
70
what causes an increase in SV
increase in end diastolic volume (EDV) and a decrease in end systolic volume (ESV)
71
what affects end diastolic volume
```
anatomical voume (ventricular volume)
return flow
blood flow
```
72
what affects end systolic pressure
contractility
peripheral resistance
starling´s law
73
what does endurance training cause
increase in ventricular volume and blood volume -> increase in EDV
74
what does strength training cause
increase in wall thickness and contractility -> decrease in ESV
75
relation between trained/untrained individual´s Q and increasing workload
at rest both same Q
increases fast, but from submax to max slower increase due to plateau SV
at submax exercise higher Q in untrained individual
at max exercise greater Q in trained individual
76
O2 extraction rate following training
increasing maximal and submaximal values
77
internal influences on cardiorespiratory responses
increase in carebral coretex activity, kinesthetic feedback, chemoreceptor response, catecholamine release and temperature
78
relation between an increase in carebral coretex activity, kinesthetic feedback, chemoreceptor response, catecholamine release and temperature to ventilation, HR, SV, and blood vessels
ventilation, HR, SV, and blood vessels always increase as well
79
external influences on cariorespiratory responses
altitude
O2 enrichment
smoking
blood "doping"
80
what does an increase altitude lead to
decrease atmospheric pressue and a decrease in partial pressure O2
decrease in arterial O2 saturation
81
what causes an O2 enrichment
increase in arterial O2 saturation and VO2 max
82
what does smoking lead to
increase in airway resistance
decrease in pulmonary diffusion capacity
increase in [carbon monoxide] -> increase in Hb-CO2 -> decrease in O2 transportation
83
blood doping
infusion or reinfusion of RBCs -> increase in O2 carrying capacity
84
what does the ingestion of EPO lead to
bone marrow to produce RBCs -> increase in oxygen carrying capacity
85
main transportation of CO2 away from tissue
60-70% attached to RBCs
23-30% attached to hemoglobin
7-10% dissolved in plasma
86
main buffer of lactic acid in blood
sodium bicarbonate
87
what does buffering of lactic acid results in
formation of carbonic acid and sodium lactate
88
what are anaerobic threshold and VO2 max used for
prediction of cardiorespiratory fitness
prediction of performance endurance capabilities
exercise prescription
setting long term work paces
setting tolerance for environmental extremes
89
how should anaerobic threshold and VO2 max be expressed
soccer and running - ml/kg/min
| swimming and cycling - L/min
90
what are the 3 areas with an anaerobic threshold/breakaway
ventilation rate
carbon dioxide production rate
lactate production rate
91
what causes threshold in ventilation rate
increase in carbon dioxide production
| increase in lactate -> decrease in pH
92
what causes threshold in carbon dioxide production rate
breakaway in lactate
93
what muscle fiber types and energy sources are used prior to an anaerobic threshold
SO, FOG
| aerobic oxidative metabolism
94
what muscle fiber types and energy sources are used after an anaerobic threshold
FOG, FG
| anaerobic metabolism
95
relation between Ant and VO2 max
```
AnT = 50 - 60% of VO2max in untrained
AnT = 70 - 80% of VO2 max in trained
```
96
realtion between untrained/trained individual and VO2 with increasing workload
VO2 increases linearly
plateau at max exercise
VO2 lower at submax in trained
VO2 higher at max in trained
97
relationship in trained/untrained individuals and ventilation rate with increasing workload
both have breakaway with increasing workload
rest and submax: lower ventilation rate in trained
max ventilation greater in trained person
98
relationship in trained/untrained individuals and lactate production rate with increasing workload
both have breakaway with increasing workload
at rest even lactate values
submax lactate is lower in trained person
max trained person has higher lactate values
99
CHD risk factors
```
hypertension
hypercholesterolemia
smoking
obesity
hypertriglyceridemia
diabetes
stress
physical inactivity
age
sex
family history
```
100
potential effects of exercise on CHD
```
increase in colleteral circulation
increase in vessel size
increase in myocardial efficiancy, O2 transport
decrease in dysrhythmias
decrease in clot formation
```
101
relation between O2 deficit and debt
the greater the O2 deficit the greater the O2 debt
| oxygen debt is greater than ixygen deficit
102
difference between trained and untrained O2 ventilation response
untrained a slower VO2 response
103
difference between trained and untrained O2 debt
untrained has a larger/slower O2 debt
104
alactacid phase of O2 debt
first part
fast decrease in VO2
faster in trained individual
105
lactacid phase of O2 debt
second part
| slow decrease in VO2
106
what is oxygen uptake kinetics
rate of VO2 response
| will influence rate or amount of O2 deficit use
107
what affects the maximal oxygen uptake deficit capacity
capacity of anaerobic energy system
phosphogen stores
Lactic Acid tolerance
108
reasons for greater oxygen debt compared to deficit
replace oxygen deficit
elevated breathing and HR
increased body temperature and metabolic rate
increased adrenaline and noradrenaline levels
109
when is fast-slow pacing appropriate
for high %ST , because of high [H-LDH]
110
when is slow-fast pacing appropriate
for high FT, because of good finishing "kick"
111
what is the best performance time
even pacing
112
how is lactate degredated
```
during lactacid phase
through sweat and urine
aminoacid production
gluconeogenesis
oxidation
```
113
how long doe sit take to replenish phophogen stores using passive recovery
50% within 30 sec
| 100% within 2-3 min
114
how long does it take to remove lactic acid using passive reovery
50% within 25-30 min
| 100% within 1-2 hours
115
how long does it take to remove lactic acid using active state
50% within 25-30 min
| 100% within 1/2 - 1 hour
116
characteristics of active recovery state
```
moderate intensity
requires high rate of oxidative matabolism
50-60% of max HR in untrained
70-80% of may HR in trained
ventilation rate under control
work just below AnT
```
117
training implications from interval sprint training
shorter segments to complete greater total work
practice at competetive pace
no L.A. production
118
why is sprint interval training more effective
because it take longer to recover from high lactate levels than from phosphagen depletion
119
what does a training program need to include
training principles
program design
program phases
120
3 major training principles
overload - higher than normal demands
progression - increasing workloads
specificity- motor unit training
121
progrm design
task analysis
skill
strength
metabolic
122
training program phases
preseason - build specific fitness
in season - maintain specific fitness
postseason - maintain general fitness
123
volume and intensity in enducrance/strength training phases throughout the year
postseason: both high volume, low intensity
in pre-season: both moderate volume, moderate intensity
in season: both low volume, high intensity
124
technique level throughout season
line follows intensity line
125
which energy systems are used during events of various time lengths
phosphagen: 0:10 - 0:20 min
anaerobic glycolysis: 0:45 - 1:45 min
Oxidative: 3:45 - 135:00 min
126
when is energy production 50% anaerobic and 50% aerobc at maximal effort
after 3 - 4 min
| e.g 1500m race
127
interval training guidelines for developing phosphagen energy system
work time: 0 - 30 sex
work recovery ratio: 1/3
type of recovery: passive
128
interval training guidelines for developing anaerobic glycolysis energy system
work time: 30-60 seconds, 60-120 seconds, 2-3 minute
work recovery ratio: 1/2
type of recovery: active
129
interval training guidelines for developing oxidative (aerobic) energy system
work time: 3-5 min
work recovery ratio:1/1
type of recovery: passive
130
target HR at work as well as between reps and sets during interval training
HR at work: 85-95% of max HR
HR for recovery between reps: 70% of max HR
HR for recovery between sets: 60% of max HR
131
endurance training intensity when trying to improve general fitness
> (or even) 75% of max HR
132
guidelines for endurance training intensity to improve competetive preperation
85-95% of max HR
133
endurance training compared to interval training
psychologicall and physiologically less demanding
used to develop general overall cardiorespiratory endurance
can be used in conjunction with interval training for competetive preperation
less specificity in training
134
duration guidelines for endurance training
minimum of 12 - 15 min(at high HR)
"practical maximum: 45 - 60 min
> 60min mainly beneficial to long distance competitors
135
what does endurance training longer than 60 min improve
fat metabolism
| psychological benefits
136
frequency guidelines for endurance training
2/week minimum (high HR)
| 3-5/week need of most individuals
137
how long of detraining does it take to lose 50% of cardiorespiratory fitness
4 weeks
138
power
work/time
(force * distance)/time
force * velocity
139
strength
max force from one contraction
| 1 rep max
140
different types of muscle actions
idometric
concentric
eccentric
isokinetic
141
isometric muscle action
force = resistance
| no movement can provide a max overload
142
concentric muscle action
force > resistance
| movement in direction of force vector
143
eccentric muscle action
force < resistance
movement in direction of resistance verctor
overload can be max
144
isokinetic muscle sction
force > resistance
overload can be maximal
controlled speed may be fast or slow (machine)
145
muscular endurance
measure of work capacity under moderate to high resistance
| depends on strength and anaerobic capabilities and function of relative load is involved
146
age predited max HR
220 - age in years
147
calculation of training intensity using HR max method
predicted max HR
multiply by training intensity of fitness level ( e.g. 0.7 or 0.8)
training target HR e.g. 140 - 160 bpm
148
what does muscular endurance not depend on
aerobic oxidative metabolism
149
anabolic
increase in lean tissue development and strength
150
androgenic
increase masculinization or feminization
151
potential side effects of exogenous intake
```
liver or kidney damage
sterility
closure of long bone growth
severe acne
musculization or feminization
increase risk of cancer
```
152
what leads to greater lean body mass and strength in men after puberty
production of more anabolic hormones
153
guidelines for isometric training
100% of max effort
5 sec/ rep
5 reps/exercise
3-5 sessions per week
154
guidelines for muscular endurance training
15 -20 reps/set
up to as many as 30/40 reps/set
2-3 sets/exercise
3 sessions/week
155
guidelines for eccentric training
120% of 1 rep max
3-5 sets/exercise
6-8 reps/set
3-5 sessions/week
156
circuit training
6-15 exercise stations
30-40 sec/station
15/20 sec recovery between stations
157
what are results of circuit training
increase in strength, muscle endurance, cardiorespiratory endurance
decrease in fat
158
what causes accute muscle sourness
ischemia as blood flow is occluded
| blockage of blood flow
