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Kin 155 Exercise Physiology > Lab Exam #2 > Flashcards

Lab Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

anaerobic threshold

A

transition from predominantly aerobic energy production to anaerobic energy production as work increase

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2
Q

aerobic exercise

A

performed in presence of oxygen

oxydative metabolic pathways are dominant source of energy production

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3
Q

anaerobic exercise

A

performed in absence of oxygen

anaerobic metabolic pathways are dominant source of energy production

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4
Q

definition of anaerobic threshold in relation to ventilation rate

A

last oxygen uptake rate (VO2) fitting the linear trend when expired ventilation rate is plotted against VO2

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5
Q

methods to identify anaerobic threshold

A

identification of breakaway in ventilation rate
identification of breakaway in lactate acid production
identificationo of breakaway in carbon dioxide production rate
rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of 15-16

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6
Q

maximal oxygen uptake rate (VO2max)

A

maximal rate at which oxygen can be consumed per minute

highest VO2 value during max effort

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7
Q

what is VO2max expressed as?

A

L/min or ml/kg/min

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8
Q

criteria indicating that VO2max was used

A

plateau or decrease in VO2 as workload increases
HR within 10 bpm of age predicted max HR
respiratory exchange ratio (R) greater than 1.0
rating of perceived exertion (RPE) of 18-20

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9
Q

when are anaerobic threshold and VO2max used

A

prediction of cardiorespiratory fitness
prediction of endurance performance capabilities
exercise prescription
setting long-term work paces
setting tolerance to environmental extremes

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10
Q

what is cardiorespiratory endurance

A

ability of lungs and heart to take in and transport adequate amounts of oxygen to working muscles

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11
Q

what does cardiorespiratory endurance allow

A

activities involving large muscle mass over long periods of time

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12
Q

fick equation

A

VO2 = Q (cardia output) x O2 extration by muscle

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13
Q

equation for cardiac output

A

Q = SV x HR

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14
Q

O2 extraction by muscle

A

arterial - venous O2 level

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15
Q

total work of endurance training

A

intensity x duration

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16
Q

effects of edurance training on oxygen uptake rate

A

rest: no change
submax. exericise: decreased
max. exercise: increased

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17
Q

effects of endurance training on cardiac output

A

rest: no change
submax. exercise: decreased
max. exercise: increased

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18
Q

effects of endurance training on stroke volume

A

rest: increased
submax. exercise: increased
max. exercise: increased

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19
Q

effects of endurance training on heart rate

A

rest: decreased
submax. exercise: decreased
max. exercise: no change

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20
Q

effects of endurance training on A-V O2 difference

A

rest: no change
submax. exercise: increased
max. exercise: increased

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21
Q

what does VO2 max reflect

A

power or capacity of aerobic system

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22
Q

what does the anaerobic threshold reflect

A

onset of metabolic acidosis

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23
Q

how can anaerobic threshold be determined

A

by measuring increase in blood lactate (lacate threshold) or meauring expired ventilation rate and gases (ventilatory threshold)

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24
Q

identification of ventilatory threshold

A

nonlinear increase in expired ventilation rate
nonlinear increase in carbon dioxide production rate
increase in fraction of oxygen in expired air without decrease in fraction of carbon dioxide in expired air
increasing respiratorxy quotient

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25
low fitness classification based on VO2max
females: < (or even) 29 ml/kg/min Males: < (or even) 34 ml/kg/min
26
exercise prescription for low fitness classification individuals
``` Intensity: 60-70% of maxHR 50-60% of VO2max RPE = 11-13 unaware of ventilation rate breathing rate and depth comfortable Duration: 20-30 min per session Frequency: 3 days per week ```
27
moderate fitness classifiaction based on VO2max
females: 30-44 ml/kg/min males: 35-49 ml/kg/min
28
exercise prescription for moderate fitness classification individuals
``` Intensity: 70-80% of maxHR 60-75% of VO2max RPE = 13 - 15 aware of ventilation rate (increased breathing rate and depth) Duration: 30 - 45 min per session Frequency: 4 days per week ```
29
high fitness classification based on VO2max
females >(or even) 45 ml/kg/min | males >(or even) 50 ml/kg/min
30
exercise prescription for high fitness classification individuals
``` Intensity: 80-90% of maxHR 75-85% of VO2max RPE = 15-17 hyperventilatory response respiraory distress (rapid breathing rate) Duration: 45-60 min per session Frequency: 5 days per week ```
31
what is endurance capability reflected by
ability to take in and utilize oxygen | oxygen consumption rate (VO2)
32
relationship between oxygen uptake rate (VO2) and workload
linearly
33
relationship between HR and workload
linearly
34
relationship between oxygen uptake rate (VO2) and HR
linearly
35
predicted maximal heart rate
220-age in yr.
36
bw in kg
bw (lb)/2.2
37
calculation of steady state workload value
workload (kg) x 50rpm x 6 meters
38
calculation of steady state HR
(sum of last two workload values) / 2
39
max oxygen uptake rate adjusted for age
(oxygen uptake rate value from table) x correction factor for age from table = L/min
40
conversion of max oxygen uptake rate into ml/kg/min
max oxygen uptake rate in L/min x 1000/BW(kg)
41
steps for the max oxygen uptake rate determination
``` predicted max HR steady state workload steady state HR max oxygen uptake rate (table) adjustment for age (table) conversion into ml/kg/min ```
42
what does the ability to utilize oxygen invlove
internal and extenal respiration
43
external respiration
taking air into the lungs
44
internal respiration
extraction of oxygen from alveoli into blood
45
what affet lung volume
body size, gender, age, body position, physical activity
46
relation between lung volume and body position
volume smaller in supine position than in upright position
47
tital volume
volume inspired or expired per breath | increases during exercise
48
inspirational reserve volume (IRV)
max volume inspired from end inspiration | decreases during exercise
49
residual volume (RV)
volume remaining at end of max expiration | slight increase during exercise
50
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
max volume expired from end expiration | slight decrease during exercise
51
total lung capacity (TLC)
volume in lung at end of max inspiration | slight decrease during exercise
52
vital capacity (VC)
max volume forcefully expired after max inspiration | slight decrease during exercise
53
inspiratory capacity (IC)
max volume inspired from resting expiratory level | increase during exercise
54
functional residual volume (FRC)
volume in lungs at resting expiratory level | slight increase during exercise
55
average forced expiratory volume (FEV) at 1 sec
75-80% of vital volume
56
average forced expiratory volume (FEV) at 2 sec
85-90% of vital volume
57
average forced expiratory volume (FEV) at 3 se
95-100% of vital volume
58
calculation of tital volume
B - C x BTPS
59
calculation of inspiratory reserve volume
C - D x BTPS
60
calculation of inspiratory capacity
B - D x BTPS | Inspiratory reserve volume + Tidal volume
61
expiratory reserve volume calculation
A(J if higher than A) - B x BTPS
62
calculation of vital capacity
A(J if higher than A) - D x BTPS | Expiratory Reserve Volume + Inspiratory capacity
63
calculation of residual volume
VC x age factor (0.24 for men, 0.28 for female)
64
calculation for total lung capacity
vital capacity + residual volume
65
calculation of Forced expiratory volume at 1 sec (FEV1.0)
H(value after 1 sec) - D x BTPS
66
% of Vital Capacity at 1 sec
FEV1.0 / VC
67
calculation of Forced expiratory volume at 2 sec (FEV2.0)
I(value after 2 sec) - D x BTPS
68
% of vital capacity at 2 sec
FEV 2.0 / VC
69
calculation of Forced expiratory volume at 3 sec (FEV3.0)
J(value after 3 sec) - D x BTPS
70
% of vital capacity at 3 sec
FEV 3.0 / VC
71
method to most accurate measure fat and lean tissue in living human
underwater weighing
72
lean body tissue
everything but fat tissue bones, muscles, vital organs has a higher density
73
what measures must be utilized to determine body composition under water
residual lung volume body weight body weight while submerged
74
steps of calculating body composition
``` calculation of residual volume convert BW into kg determine true under water weight determine water density (table) calculate body volume (given) calculate body density (given) convert body denisty to % fat (given) calculation of fat weight and lean body weight ```
75
calculation of residual volume in body composition test
determination of BTPS higherst VC value x BTPS (VC x BTPS) x age value (men 0.24)
76
determination of true under water weight
under water weight of subject - apparatus
77
calculation of fat weight (FW)
(BW x (%fat/100))
78
calculation of lean body weight (LBW)
BW - FW
79
setting body weight goal calculation
set target %fat | BW goal in kg = (LBW / (1 - (target %fat/100))
80
ideal BW goal
current LBW / desired % LBW(decimal)
81
#1 nutritional problem in the US
obesity
82
determination values of obesity
male: %fat > 25% female: %fat > 30%
83
child and adult obesity in the US
both increasing
84
what does archimedes principle state
an object submerged in water is bouyed up by a force equal to the volume of water displaced and that the volume of water displaced is equal to the weight lost by an object immersed in water
85
specific gravity
weight of an object in air / weight of an equal volume of water
86
specific gravity of lean body mass
1.1 kg/L
87
specific gravity of fat mass
0.9 kg/L
88
body volume according to archimedes
weight in air - weight in water
89
body density
body weight / body volume
90
what is obesity related to
medical abnormalities (coronary heart disease, impaired carbohydrate metabolism, hypertension...)
91
what do behavioral causes of regulatory obesity include
lack of activity excess caloric consumption associtation of food with emotional response social and cultural pressures of food consumption
92
essential minimal fat values
men: 4% female: 8-12%
93
optimal health in fat %
male: 10 - 25% female: 18 - 30%
94
types of obesity
hypertrophic or maturity onset obesity (increase infat cell size) hyperplastic or juvenile onset obesity (increase in fat cell size and #, and 80% carryover to adulthood)
95
factors influencing caloric intake rate
food energy value absorbtion type of food quantity
96
caloric expenditure
basal metabolic rate physical activity level food processing
97
exercise benefits related to weight control
increased caloric expenditure counteracts potential decrease in basal metabolic prevents loss of lean body weight compliments behavior
98
what has been utilized as a more practical technique to measure body composition
anthropometric measurements
99
three basic types of anthropometric measures
skinfold thickness trunk and limb diameter trunk and limb circumference (Umfang)
100
what are errors in the anthropometric measurements called that represent bounds of accuracy
standart errors of estimate S.E.E.
101
equation selection criteria in anthropometric measurements
``` sex or gender age athletes vs. non-athlete or active vs. non-active race or ethnicity statistical consideration ```
102
body weight (Fat weight) loss calculation
current body weight - ideal body weight goal
103
what are circumferences used for
to measure fat, muscle & bone | do anthropometric measurements
104
measurements of somatogram
body proportionality body weight to frame size relations (over or under BW) high or low fat levels high or low muscularity
105
what is used to calculate reference wight
diameters along with height and left and right extremity diameter
106
what does reference weight establish
a reference weight goal (BW goal) + needed changes in fat weight and lean body weight
107
what is reference weight goal based on
frame (skeletal) size and the needed change in in body weight to meet goal
108
calculation of reference weight
record all diameter values sum of all forms total diameter divide total diameter by body constant -> receive value "A" square A -> "A2" (squared) multiply A2(squared) by height in cm -> "B" multiply "B" by constant 0.0111 -> reference weight subtract reference weight from bw
109
how is reference weight shown
in kg
110
interpretation of reference weight
if BW within 5 kg of reference weight -> normal weight relative to frame size if BW is more than 5 kg below reference weight -> underweight relative to frame size if BW is more than 5 kg above reference weight -> overweight related to frame size
111
what happens in relation with reference weight and target value for % fat when body compositions are also assessed
reference weight and target value % Fat are used in combination to determine fat weight and lean body weight goals
112
FW goal calculation with reference weight and target value %fat
(RW x (Target %fat / 100))
113
BBW goal with reference weight and target % fat value
(RW - FW)
114
body constants for reference weight calculations
male: 31.58 female: 31.10
115
cange in FW and LBW
FW/LBW goal - FW/LBW current
116
what does somatotype include
endomorphy mesomorphy extomorphy
117
endomorphy
uses 3 skinfolds to determine a rating of fatness
118
mesomorphy
using a few skinfolds, circumferences and diameters + height to determine a rating of muscularity
119
ectomorphy
uses height and bw to determine a rating of linearity
120
body mass index
uses height and bw to determine ratings of obese, overweight, normal weight, and underweight
121
calculation of body mass index
bw in kg / height in square meters
122
determination of bmi on nomogram
connect weight in kg with height in m with straight line -> cross at bmi
123
interpretation of BMI
underweight < 18.5 normal weight 18.5 - 24.9 overweight 25.0 - 29.9 obese >(or even) 30,0
124
which equation is for anthropometric measurments used when person is a couch potato
high R | low S.E.E.
125
which equation is for anthropometric measurments used when person is an athletic person
lowest R | highest S.E.E
126
when is a body normal build based on somatogram values
if all proportions are between 95 and 105
127
how are body weight-frame size relations indicated
by wrist, knee and ankle proportions
128
when is overweight/underweight indicated based on bw frame size relations
overweight if proportions are < 95 | underweight if proportions > 105
129
from where are large body fat distributions usually reflected in the anthropometric measurement
abdomen chest hips thigh
130
high/low fat values in anthropometric measurement
high fat values/overweight > 105 | low fat values/underweight < 95
131
location for high/low muscularity measurements in anthropometric measurements
forearm flexed arm shoulder calf
132
muscle tissue measurements in anthropometric measurements
overweight > 105 | underweight < 95
133
optimal fitness fat %
male: 12 - 18% female: 16 - 25%
134
most athletes´ fat%
male: 5 - 13% female: 12 - 22%
135
national 50th percentile fat%
male: 15% female: 25%

Kin 155 Exercise Physiology (4 decks)

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