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Biology 202 > Lecture Exam 2 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was Matthias Schlieden

A

He was a botanist

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2
Q

Who was Theodor Schwann?

A

He was a zoologist

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3
Q

What are the 3 main characteristics of a cell?

A
  1. They are the building blocks for all living things
  2. It is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living things
  3. It retains a dual existence as distinct entity and building block of organisms
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4
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  1. Cells are the simplest, smallest units of life
  2. Cells may only arise from pre-existing cells
  3. All metabolic events occur within cells
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5
Q

What happens when you increase cell volume?

A

It causes issues to the cell membrane

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6
Q

What affects the rate of diffusion?

A
  • Surface area
  • Temperature
  • Concentration gradient
  • Distance
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7
Q

What is the role of the cell membrane?

A

Acts as protection

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8
Q

What is the role of the golgi apparatus?

A

It is the receiving and sending center

It receives proteins and delivers to their destinations

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9
Q

What are the roles of a vesicle?

A

It ships proteins eternally to the nucleus

Secretes proteins to the outside of the cell

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10
Q

What is the lysosome?

A

It is the stomach cells

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11
Q

What is sent to the lysosome?

A

Debris, worn out, or damaged parts

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12
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

It is the powerhouse of the cell

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13
Q

What is the role of the mitochondria?

A

Cellular respiration

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14
Q

What do the centrioles aid?

A

Cell division

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15
Q

What are the roles of the cytoskeleton?

A

Maintains cell shape

Anchors cell with extracellular matrix

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16
Q

What is the apical part of the cell?

A

It is the top domain

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17
Q

What is the apical domain of the cell responsible for?

A
  • Protection
  • Absorption
  • Secretion
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18
Q

What is the basolateral?

A

It is the side and bottom domain of the cell

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19
Q

What is the basolateral responsible for?

A

Anchorage and communication to neighboring cells

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20
Q

Define cytoplasm

A

It is the material between plasma membrane and the nucleus

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21
Q

Define plasma membrane

A

It encloses most the organelle

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22
Q

What is the role of the plasma membrane?

A

It organizes and protects the cell

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23
Q

Which head is soluble in water?

A

Polar/hydrophilic head

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24
Q

Which head is not soluble in water?

A

Fatty acids/nonpolar head

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25
Q

Define semipermeable

A

Some substance can flow through it freely

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26
Q

What is the role of cholesterol?

A

It is used to maintain the stability of the cell

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27
Q

Define cytosol

A

A viscous, semitransparent fluid substance of cytoplasm in which other elements are suspended

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28
Q

Define cytoplasmic organelles

A

Specialized cellular compartments or structures, each performing its own job to maintain the life of the cell

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29
Q

Define inclusions

A

Chemical substances such as glycogen granules and pigment

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30
Q

What is the role of hydrostatic properties?

A

They help cells maintain their shape

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31
Q

What functions are biological membranes involved in?

A
  1. Import and export
  2. Compartmentalization
  3. Cell signaling, they respond to environment
  4. Cell and nuclear division
  5. Production of energy intermediates
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32
Q

What are the characteristics of polar heads?

A
  1. Made by glycerol and phosphate
  2. The tail is made of 2 fatty acids, hydrophobic cells
  3. Increases the flexibility of the cell membrane
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33
Q

What is the percentage breakdown for lipids?

A

75% phospholipids
5% glycolipids
20% cholesterol

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34
Q

Define phosphate heads

A

They are polar and hydrophilic

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35
Q

Define fatty acid tails

A

They are non polar hydrophobic

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36
Q

Define glycolipids

A

Lipids with polar sugar groups on outer membrane surface

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37
Q

What is the role of cholesterol?

A

It increases membrane stability

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38
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins?

A
  1. Integral proteins

2. Peripheral proteins

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39
Q

What are the characteristics of integral proteins?

A
  • They are firmly inserted into the membrane

- They have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

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40
Q

What is the function of integral proteins?

A

They transport proteins, enzymes, or receptors

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41
Q

What are the characteristics of peripheral proteins?

A
  • They are loosely attached to integral proteins

- They include filaments on intracellular/extracellular surface for membrane support

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42
Q

What is the function of peripheral proteins?

A

They are enzymes or motor proteins that are involved in mechanical functions, such as changing cell shape during cell division and muscle cell contraction

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43
Q

What are the 6 functions of membrane proteins?

A
  1. Transporter
  2. Cell-surface receptor
  3. Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
  4. Enzyme
  5. Intercellular joining
  6. Cell-to-cell adhesion
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44
Q

Define osmosis

A

Movement of water across a membrane

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45
Q

What kind of energy is osmosis an example of?

A

Kinetic energy

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46
Q

Define tonicity

A

How a solution affects cell volume

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47
Q

Define simple diffusion

A

Substances diffuse directly though the lipid bilayer

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48
Q

What substances diffuse during simple diffusion?

A

Gases, steroid hormones, and fatty acids

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49
Q

Define facilitated diffusion

A

The transported substance either binds to carrier proteins in the membrane and is ferried across or moves through water-filled channel proteins

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50
Q

Define carriers

A

Transmembrane proteins that are specific for transporting certain polar molecules or classes of molecules, ones that are too large to pass through membrane channels

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51
Q

Define vesicular transport

A

The transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes

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52
Q

Define exocytosis

A

Secretes substance into the extracellular space

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53
Q

Define endocytosis

A

Eats the large molecules into the cells

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54
Q

Define phagocytosis

A

Pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into the cell’s interior

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55
Q

Define filtration

A

It is a form of hydrostatic pressure, it is the formation of kidney filtrate

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56
Q

What is the role of cell junctions?

A

To aid or inhibit movement of molecules between or past cells and also see to tie cells together into tightly knit communities

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57
Q

What are 3 types of cell junctions

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Desmosomes
  3. Gap junctions
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58
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

A series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells fuse together like the zipper of a Ziploc bag

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59
Q

What is the role of tight junctions?

A

They help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells and restrict the movements of membrane proteins

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60
Q

Define desmosomes

A

They serve as anchoring junctions, they are mechanical couplings scattered like rivets along the sides of adjacent cells to prevent their separation

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61
Q

What is the role of desmosomes?

A

They bind neighboring cells together into sheets and also contribute to a continuous internal network of strong fibers

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62
Q

Define gap junctions

A

It is communication junction that determines what kind of stuff passes through them

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63
Q

Where are gap junctions found?

A

The heart and smooth muscle

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64
Q

What are the 5 types of membranous cytoplasmic organelles?

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Peroxisomes
  3. Lysosomes
  4. Endoplasmic reticulum
  5. Golgi apparatus
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65
Q

What are the 3 types of non membranous cytoplasmic organelles?

A
  1. Cytoskeleton
  2. Centrioles
  3. Ribosomes
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66
Q

Define mitochondria

A
  • It is a double membrane structure with shelf-like cristae
  • Provides most of the cell’s ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
  • Contains their own DNA and RNA
  • Releases carbon dioxide as waste
67
Q

Define ribosomes

A
  • Granules containing protein and rRNA
  • Site of protein synthesis
  • Synthesize soluble proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles
  • Membrane-bound ribosomes synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membrane, lysosomes, or exported from cells
68
Q

Define endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • They are interconnected tubes and membranes enclosing cisternae
  • It is continuous with nuclear membrane
  • There are two varieties rough and smooth ER
69
Q

Define smooth ER

A

They are tubules arranged in looping networks

70
Q

What are the roles of smooth ER

A

It synthesizes phospholipids for cell membranes, and catalyzes reactions in carious organs of the body

71
Q

Where is smooth ER found?

A

liver
testes
intestinal cells
skeletal and cardiac muscle

72
Q

Define Golgi apparatus

A

It is stacked, flattened membranous sacs, proteins pass through to trans face, secretory vesicles leave the trans face

73
Q

What is the function of Golgi apparatus?

A

It modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins

Transports vessels from ER fuse to cis face

74
Q

Define peroxisomes

A

Membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalase

75
Q

What is role of peroxisomes?

A

Detoxify harmful or toxic substances, and neutralize dangerous free radicals

76
Q

Define lysosomes

A

They are spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes

77
Q

What are the roles of lysosomes?

A
  • Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
  • Degrade nonfunctional organelles
  • Breakdown non useful tissue
  • Breakdown bone to release Ca2+
78
Q

Where are secretory lysosomes found?

A

White blood cells
Immune cells
Melanocytes

79
Q

What is the endosymbiont theory?

A

The mitochondria used to be a single cell that ended up getting into the host cell chloroplasts survived and works together

80
Q

What are the characteristics of the nucleus?

A
  • Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin, and distinct compartments that are rich in proteins
  • Gene-containing control center of the cell
  • Contains the genetic library for most cellular proteins
  • Controls proteins synthesis
81
Q

Define nuclear envelope

A
  • Selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores
  • Encloses jellylike nucleoplasm
  • Outer membrane is continuous with the rough ER is studded with ribosomes
  • Inner membrane in line with the nuclear lamina
  • Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus
82
Q

Define nucleolus

A

Dark-staining spheric bodies within the nucleus

Site of ribosome production

83
Q

Define cytoskeleton

A

The skeleton of the cell

Consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

84
Q

Define centrioles

A

Small barrel-shaped organelles located in the centrosome near the nucleus
Pinwheel array of non triplets of microtubules

85
Q

What is the role of centrioles

A
  • Organize mitotic spindle during mitosis

- Form the bases of cilia and flagella

86
Q

Define cilia

A

It is a whiplike, motile cellular extension on exposed surfaces of certain cells
Moves substances in one direction across cell surfaces

87
Q

Define osteocyte

A

Bone cells

88
Q

Define osteoblast

A

Cells that form the bones

89
Q

Define osteoclast

A

Chews off the damaged bone tissue

90
Q

Define osteoprogenitor

A

It is the maturing center of the born cell

91
Q

Define osteoid

A

It is bone matrix that is made by collagen

92
Q

Define periosteum

A

It contains osteoblasts that surrounds the bone

93
Q

Explain endochondral ossification

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage starts out
  2. Cartilage start to calcify
  3. A cavity of spongy bone and blood vessels start to form
  4. Two more officiation centers attach to the top and bottoms of the bone
  5. Cartilage surrounds the bone, there is now cartilage in between the plates of the bone
94
Q

Define diaphysis

A

Elongated shaft of a long bone

95
Q

Define epiphysis

A

End of a long bone

96
Q

Define medullary cavity

A

The central cavity of a long bone. Contains yellow or red marrow

97
Q

Define articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage covering bone ends at moveable joints

98
Q

Define periosteum

A

Double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone

99
Q

Define blood vessels

A

Brings blood to the heart

100
Q

Define spongy bone

A

Internal layer of skeletal bone

101
Q

Where is cartilage found in your body now?

A

Bridge of nose
Parts of ribs
Joints

102
Q

What is the role of epiphyseal plates?

A

They allow for growth during childhood

103
Q

Define ostoeporosis

A

It is the result of declining bone mass

The osteoclasts outperform osteoblasts

104
Q

What are the risk factors of osteoporosis

A

Increased age and lower estrogen in women

105
Q

Where are maxillary sinuses found?

A

Both sides of our cheeks

106
Q

Where is the front sinus found?

A

Above our eyes

107
Q

Where is our ethmoid sinus found

A

Around the nose

108
Q

Where is the cribriform plate found

A

In the frontal bone

109
Q

What is the purpose of the cribriform plate?

A

Has holes in it for the olfactory nerves to pass through

110
Q

Where is the sella turcica?

A

The center of the skull

111
Q

What is the role of the sella turcica?

A

Protects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

112
Q

What is the role of the foramen magnum?

A

It is where the spinal cord enters the skull

113
Q

Where is the maxilla

A

It is the top of the mouth

114
Q

What are occipital condyles?

A

They are define bony elements that smooth

115
Q

Where is the hyoid apparatus?

A

It is in the throat

116
Q

What is the role of the hyoid?

A

It separates the larynx from the skull. It determines the range of sounds that we can speak

117
Q

What are the fontanelles made up of?

A

Fibrous membrane

118
Q

What is the role of the fontanelles?

A

Allows the skull to be compressed during birth

Allows the brain to grow

119
Q

What are the three sections of the vertebra

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
120
Q

How many vertebra in the cervical area?

A

7

121
Q

How many vertebra are in the thoracic area?

A

12

122
Q

How many vertebra are in the lumbar area?

A

5

123
Q

What is C1 called

A

Atlas

124
Q

What is C2 called?

A

Axis

125
Q

What is the pectoral shoulder girdle made up of?

A
  1. The clavicle

2. The scapula

126
Q

What is the role of the clavicle

A

It is a brace over the movement of the arm

127
Q

What is the role of the scapula?

A

To help with muscle attachment

128
Q

What bones make up the pelvis?

A
  1. ilium
  2. Ischium
  3. Pubic bone
129
Q

What is the role of the pelvis ?

A

Protects reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and part of the large intestine

130
Q

Define kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

Composed of mass and speed

131
Q

How do you increase kinetic energy?

A

By increasing temperature

132
Q

Define potential energy

A

It is stored energy

It can be transformed into kinetic energy

133
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Energy can only change from one form to another

134
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics

A

Thermodynamics are continuously increasing

135
Q

What is the free energy formula?

A 
G= H - TS 
G= energy available to do work 
H= energy in a molecule's chemical bonds 
T= absolute temperature 
S= unavailable energy
136
Q

Define endergonic reaction

A

It is more energy at the end of the reaction than there was at the beginning
Has to be supplied the energy

137
Q

Define exergonic reaction

A

It releases free energy

It is spontaneous

138
Q

What are the four elements that make up 96% of our body?

A
  1. Carbon
  2. Oxygen
  3. Hydrogen
  4. Nitrogen
139
Q

What is the valence shell and what is it made up of?

A

It is the outside of the nucleus

It is made up of electrons

140
Q

What is the nucleus made up of?

A

Protons and neutrons

141
Q

What are isotopes?

A

A variation of an element

Has the same number of protons but different amount of neurons

142
Q

How many electrons can be in the first shell?

A

2 electrons

143
Q

How many electrons can be in the second shell?

A

10 electrons

144
Q

How many electrons can be in the third shell?

A

18 electrons

145
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

It is when the electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another

146
Q

What are ions

A

Charged particles

147
Q

What are anions?

A

Negatively-charged ions

148
Q

What are cations?

A

Positively charged ions

149
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

Sharing electrons

150
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

Provides attraction between molecules, hydrogen is attracted to negative portion of polar molecules

151
Q

define synthesis

A

It is when atoms or molecules combine

152
Q

Define decomposition

A

A molecule is broken down

Energy is released

153
Q

Define inorganic compounds

A

Compounds that do not contain carbon

154
Q

What is the pH of acids?

A

They have a low pH

An acidic/sour taste

155
Q

What are examples of bases?

A 
Baking soda
Sea water
Bleach 
Blood 
Semen
156
Q

What are the pH levels for bases?

A

Above 7

157
Q

What are examples of monosaccharide?

A
  • Glucose
  • Galactose
  • Fructose
  • Deoxyribose
  • Ribose
158
Q

What are examples of disaccharides?

A
  • Sucrose = glucose and fructose
  • Maltose= glucose and glucose
  • Lactose= glucose and galactose
159
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20 protein amino acids

160
Q

What is the role of protein?

A

Construction material for body tissues
Cell function
Acts as an enzyme, hormone, and antibody

161
Q

What denatures a protein?

A

Heat
When pH levels change
When they lose the third level of amino acid chains

162
Q

Define enzymes

A

Biological catalysts

163
Q

What is the role of biological catalysts?

A

Speeds up the chemical reaction

Biology 202 (4 decks)

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