Lecture Exam 1 practice Flashcards
Vitamin K is essential for what blood function?
Coagulation
Put the following events of stopping blood in order:
Platelet aggregation
Platelet adhesion
Clot formation
Vasoconstriction
- Vasoconstriction
- Platelet adhesion
- Platelet aggregation
- Coagulation
List the 3 types of granulocytes and their functions
- Neutrophils - most numerous and phagocytosis
- Basophils- intensify allergic reactions and inflammation.
Releases histamine and heparin - Eosinophils- phagocyte, attacks parasites and worms. Releases anti inflammatory chemicals
List the 2 types of agranulocytes and the function of each.
- Monocytes -
- -become macrophages
- -kidney shaped nucleus - Lymphocytes -
- -produce antibodies and provide immunity.
- -Attacks bacteria
- -develops into plasma cells which release antibodies
What ion within hemoglobin binds with oxygen?
Fe++
What is a normal RBC count for males and females?
Male 4.7 - 6.1
Female 4.2 - 5.4
How long do most RBC live?
approx 90-120 days
Define platelet adhesion and platelet aggregation
adhesion - initial sticking of platelets to wound site
aggregation - sticking pf platelets to already present platelets
What are the functions of blood?
- transport of nutrients
- waste transport
- pH regulation and body temp.
Name the components of blood
Plasma cells and formed elements
Buffy coat
what percent of whole blood is formed elements?
30-40%
what percent is plasma of whole blood and what does it contain mostly?
50-60%
mostly water
functions of albumin?
albumin is a carrier protein, a buffer, maintains osmotic pressure
function of globlins? what are immunoglobins?
globlins are transport proteins.
immunoglobins are antibodies -> they seek out antigens
What is TBG
hormone binding protein - type of globulin
what are apolipoproteins? Metalloproteins?
apolipoprotein - lipoproteins; LDL/HDL
metalloprotein- trans(fe)rrin
what is the function of fibrinogen?
clotting protein
Which organ synthesizes plasma proteins?
liver
what is serum?
plasma without clotting factors
hematocrit: what is it?
RBC count measurment
what are normal Hct levels for males & females?
male: 44-50%
female: 36-42%
what effect does Hct have on blood viscosity?
will change the thickness of blood. higher counts = think blood
lower counts = thin blood
how does EPO affect Hct?
EPO will be released during hypoxia and increases Hct
what 3 problems would decrease Hct?
- bleeding
- RBC production problem
- RBC premature lysing problem
What is blood pH and temperture? Color?
pH 7.35 - 7.45
temp 100.4 F or 38 C
red or purpleish red
how much blood is in a typical human?
5L
what is meant by hypovolemic, normovolemic and hypervolemic
hypovolemic = less than 5L blood hypervolemic = greater than 5L blood normovolemic = 5L or 7% of body weight
what is a plasma expander? Why would it be used?
water/fluids that increase plasma levels to help maintain or increase BP
What is the relationship between plasma volume, blood volume, and BP?
incrased plasma = increased blood volume = increased BP
Erythrocytes: anucleate, functions, what type of metabolism does an RBC use?
function - transport O2 metabolism - anaerobic; needs glucose from glycolysis
What are the dietary requirements for RBC production?
carbs/fats
folic acid
B12 & intrinsic factor
where is EPO produced/released from?
kidneys
what is HbO2 and HHb? HbCO2?
Hb02 = oxyhemoglobin; O2 rich hemoglobin with 4 O2 molecules
HHB = deoxyhemoglobin; 02 poor; less than 4 O2 molecules
HbCO2 = carbaminohemoglobin; carries CO2; binds to protein not heme
what is the normal Hb range for males and females?
12-18g/dl
what is a reticulocyte? why would it be measured?
immature RBCs. Measured to show bone marrow production.
destruction of erythrocytes how and where is this done?
old RBC can be phagocytized by macrophages in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow.
The RBC is splt back into heme and globin.
heme -> stripped of fe and recycled in bone marrow. The rest will be converted to biliverdin and then biliruben.
Goes to liver and excreted in bile -> sm intestine ->lg intestine
blood type: universal donor and universal receiver?
Type O-negative blood does not have any antigens. It is called the “universal donor” type
Type AB-positive blood is called the “universal recipient” type because a person who has it can receive blood of any type.
what is the Rh blood type?
The Rh factor is an inherited protein that can be found on the surface of the red blood cell.
What 2 situations can cause hemolytic disease in a newborn?
if Rh- mom is pregnant with Rh+baby (inherited from dad)
or
if O+ mom and is pregnant with A+ (orB+) baby - mom’s antibodies will bind to the baby’s antigens causing HDN due to ABO incompatibility.
What are the types of Leukocytes (WBCs)?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, monocytes
what is different about leukocytes than erythrocytes? What is chemotaxis?
- ) circulates for short time periods
- ) mostly found in CT and Lymph tissue
- ) No hemoglobin
- ) HAVE NUCLEI and organelles
- )capable of amoeboid movement called “diapedeis”
chemotaxis is the ‘scent trail’ used my leukocytes to find damaged or infected tissue
which luekocytes are phagocytic?
neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
Identify the Leukocyte
Granulocyte or Agranulocyte?
granulocyte
Identify the Leukocyte
Granulocyte or Agranulocyte?
granulocyte
Identify the Leukocyte
Granulocyte or Agranulocyte?
granulocyte
Identify the Leukocyte
Granulocyte or Agranulocyte?
agranulocyte
Identify the Leukocyte
Granulocyte or Agranulocyte?
agranulocyte
what is the most numerous leukocyte?
percent of circulating WBCs?
describe the characteristics/what they do
Neutrophils are the most numerous 50-70% of circulating WBCs
1st responders
Bactericides (hydrogen peroxide and superoxide) kills bacteria
forms pus
engulfs pathogens - respiratory burst
what does eosinophils attack? what do they release?
anything coated with antibodies
attacks large parasites
releases NO (nitric oxide) and cytotoxic enzymes
what is the rarest leukocyte? why is it important? what does it release?
basophils <1% of circulating WBCs
important for inflammatory response
releases histamine -> dilates blood vessels
Releases heparin -> prevents blood clotting
which leukocyte is capable of diapedesis?
what is specific about this WBC?
what percent is circulating?
Lymphocytes can migrate in and out of blood stream, diapedesis
2nd most numerous - 20-30%
part of the specific defense system to respond to antigens
what are the three classes of lympocytes? What do they do?
T cells - attack foreign bodies directly “hand to hand combat”
B cells - humoral immunity, differentiate into plasma cells, synthesizes antibodies
NK cells - detect and destroys cancerous, abnormal tissue cells
Granulocytes – what are the granules?
proteins
Neutrophils-also known as?
Or polymorphonuclear leukocytes - PMNs
An increased eosinophil count can indicate 2 things, what are they?
often indicates a parasitic infection, an allergic reaction or cancer.
which cells are stimulated/increased from M-CSF?, GM-CSF?, or G-CSF?
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) - increases monocytes
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)- increases PMNs, eosinophils, and basophils
G-CSF (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor) - increases neutrophil count
Monocytes- what do they do?
Platelets (megakaryocytes) or thrombocytes, what is TPO?
Thyroid Peroxidase - stimulates platelet formation
platelets: how long do they live?
where are they stored?
what do they do?
lives 9-12 days
releases chemicals for clotting, forms platelet plug, clot retention
stored in spleen
what is a megakaryocyte? what does it do/why is it important in relation to blood?
Megakaryocytes splits into fragments involved in human clotting system.
what is the normal platelet count?
150,000 - 400,000 per mm3 of blood
what is thrombocytopenia? what is a concern with it?
what is thrombocytopoiesis?
Thrombocytopenia - Abnormally low platelet count
symptomatic of blood loss
Thrombocytosis: Abnormally high platelet count
HEMOSTASIS
what happens during the vascular phase? why is it beneficial?
immediate response
vascular spasm -> slows blood loss (will not stop it ) “vasoconstriction”
endothelial cells are triggered to release chemicals/hormones which makes membranes sticky
hemostasis
what happens during the platelet phase? what is the purpose of the platelet plug?
what hormones are released during this phase?
platelets become sticky - adhesion and aggregation form the platelet plug that sticks to the lining of the blood vessel.
provides positive feedback on activation and attraction of platelets to the damaged area
**Ca++ is needed for this!
Hormones released are:
- VWF - starts platelets to become sticky
- ADP - stimulates platelet aggregation
- Thromboxane (A2) - enhances vascular spasm
- Serotonin - stimulates vascular spam
- Ca++ - needed for platelet aggregation and clotting
what factor is stimulated to begin the extrinsic pathway? where does this happen?
subendothelium release of TF (tissue factor)
hemostasis
Coagulation (blood clotting) phase: what are procoagulants? what are some examples? what happens when blood clots?
procoagulants are clotting factors, proteins/ ions in the plasma
procoagulants enhance clot formation
ex: thromnin and factor Xa
what factor is stimulated to begin the intrinsic pathway? where does this happen?
starts in bloodstream
stimulated when factor XII comes in contact with exposed collegen fibers. (activates and becomes XIIa)
both intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways form what enzyme?
thrombin
what are the 3 steps for the common pathway (forming the fibrin mesh)
- begins once factor X is activated into factor Xa to form a prothrombin activator
- prothrombin activator converts proenzyme prothrombin into enzyme thrombin
- thrombin catalyzes the joining of protein fibrinogen molecules present in the plasma into a fibrin mesh
what is an anticoagulant? What are some examples?
inhibit clot formation
ex: heparin, prostacyclin, protein C, antithrombin III
how long does it usually take for a blood clot to form? which electrolyte is critical for clotting?
about 3-6 min
needs Ca++ and K+
what is clot retraction? how does it help the healing process?
retraction is when the ruptured edges are drawn together and squeezed out the serum
beneficial because it allows for easier repair by fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells.
what is fibrinolysis? what protein helps with this?
clot digestion
tPA activates plasminogen into plasmin
(“clot buster” proteolytic enzyme)
what are the common types of erythrocyte anemia? causes and significance?
- hemorrhagic anemia - internal/external bleeding
- hemolytic anemia - RBC prematurely lysed by infections, immune system, or drugs
- Aplastic anemia - the destruction of bone marrow, not making RBCs. caused by drugs (anti-cancer), hereditary, or radiation.
- pernicious anemia - lack of B12 - body needs intrinsic factor to absorb B12, common in stomach bypass patients.
polycythemia : what is it? how might it happen? why is it of concern?
- blood doping - increases RBC count
- increased Hct blood can be too viscous to flow into capillaries
types & causes- what is leukemia?
Leukemia is bone marrow cancer that results in too many WBCs - overcrowds RBCs and platelets (low counts) - can migrate into lymph nodes and organs
types of leukemia:
- acute - in children and more severe
- or chronic - in adults and less severe
Platelet disorders what meds are used for these disorders?
what factors increase risk of thrombosis?
meds used: anticoagulants:
- heparin - works with anticlotting proteins
- coumadin (warfarin) - antagonist, requires blood test for correct dosage, vit K can offset if too much is given
- aspirin - thins blood
Brand names: prodaxa, xarelto, eliquis
Causes for increased risk:
- genetics - protein deficiency
- immobilization - slow moving/stagnant blood
what is a thrombus? What is an embolism?
thrombus - stationary blood clot
embolism - traveling blood clot
What is hemophilia? how is it inherited?
decreased ability to form blood clots
x-linked genetic disorder, common in men
what are two methods of making artificial blood?
genetically engineered or platelet-rich plasma therapy
What is platelet-rich plasma therapy? Why is it used?
blood is drawn from patient and put into a centrifuge
the platelet rich plasma is then extracted from vile
**uses blood from people who’ve recovered from an illness to help others recover
two fetal shunts in the heart, names & purpose
foramen ovale, which moves blood from the right atrium of the heart to the left atrium, and
the ductus arteriosus, which moves blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta.
Chamber Walls consist of 3 layers know these & their functions
Epicardium: the outer protective layer of the heart.
Myocardium: muscular middle layer wall of the heart.
Endocardium: the inner layer of the heart.
what do the LCA and RCA supply blood to
RCA - mainly r atrium
LCA - splits into cirumflex artery and left anterior descending artery
what are the three cardiac veins, what blood is delivered where?
posterior, middle and small cardiac vein
returns O2 poor blood from myocardium into coronary sinus
what are the two types of cardiac muscle cells? what is their anatomy?
autorhythmic: conducting system, excitable on their own
SA and AV nodes
internodal pathways
AV bundle (bundle of his)
bundle branches and purkinje fibers
contractile cells: contracts to propel blood
striated
short, fat, branched
each fiber contains 1 or 2 nuclei
many large mitochrondria
intercalated discs
what is the RMP of cardiac contractile cells? and threshold?
RMP - approx -90 milivolts
threshold approx +30 millivolts
What is the plateau phase in contractile cells and why is it important?
Plateau phase: allows heart to relax and ventricles to refill with blood before cardiac muscle cells are stimulated to contract again.
allows increases the strength of the heart’s contraction.
more calcium ions to enter cell.
how pacemaker cells depolarize
depolarization of pacemaker cells is the result of calcium ions entering the cell
what is an anastomoses
Anastomoses occur normally in the body in the circulatory system, serving as backup routes for blood flow if one link is blocked or otherwise compromised.
label/interpret the ekg
