Lecture Exam 1 -- Chapter 25 Study Guide Flashcards
Define: Metabolism
All the chemical reactions in
the body.
Understand that catabolic and anabolic reactions need to be balanced.
Define: Catabolism
breakdown - catabolic reactions are exergonic - produce more energy than they use.
Understand that catabolic and anabolic reactions need to be balanced.
Define: Anabolism
build-up - anabolic reactions are endergonic - use more energy than they produce.
Understand that catabolic and anabolic reactions need to be balanced.
Define: Oxidation
Oxidation - removal of electrons from an atom or molecule.
Understand that catabolic and anabolic reactions need to be balanced.
Define: Reduction
Reduction - opposite of oxidation - addition of electrons to a molecule.
Understand that catabolic and anabolic reactions need to be balanced.
ENERGY STORAGE –
How is energy stored in the cell?
From where in the ATP molecule is energy released?
Energy exchange usually takes place breaking chemical bonds (during dephosphorylation of ATP to ADP) and forming chemical bonds during phosphorylation of ADP to ATP.
GLUCOSE –
What is normal blood glucose concentration in a fasting healthy adult?
Hormone system maintains glucose at highly constant level - approx. 90mg/100ml blood in a healthy individual.
GLUCOSE –
How does the body use glucose?
1) *ATP production
2) Amino acid synthesis - cells can use glucose to form several of the amino acids.
3) Glycogen synthesis - when excess glucose present, liver cells (hepatocytes) & skeletal muscle fibers combine glucose molecules to form glycogen (glycogenesis).
4) Triglyceride synthesis - once glycogen storage capacity of liver and muscle filled - hepatocytes convert glycogen to glycerol & fatty acids. These are converted to fats (lipogenesis) - and stored in adipose tissue.
GLUCOSE –
How does glucose enter cells?
Glucose enters GI tract and kidney tubules via secondary active transport (Na+/glucose
transporters).
Glucose enters other tissues via special glucose transporters (GluTs).
Glucose is phosphorylated inside cells and cannot leave in this form.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION –
What does the term cellular respiration mean?
Cellular respiration is the term for oxidation of glucose to produce ATP.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION –
Understand the 4 steps in cellular respiration.
1) Glycolysis - one glucose molecule oxidizes, 2 pyruvate molecules produced.
- Glycolysis does not require oxygen - therefore
called anaerobic cellular respiration
2) Formation of acetyl coenzyme A - prepares pyruvic acid for entry into Kreb’s cycle.
3) 2 pyruvic acid molecules produce 2 acetyl coAs, 2CO2, 2NADH and 2H+
Kreb’s cycle reaction - oxidation of acetyl coA and production of CO2, ATP, NADH, H+ and FADH2.
Step 4 - electron transport chain. This is a series of electron carriers. Electron carriers are integral membrane proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Electron carriers move H+ across inner mitochondrial membrane.
Build up of H+ causes a concentration and electrochemical gradient resulting in generation of potential energy.
This potential energy used to synthesize ATP catalyzed by
enzyme called ATP synthase.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION –
Where in the mitochondria do the various steps of cellular respiration take place?
Glycolysis (phase 1) takes place in the cytoplasm; the Krebs cycle, or citric acid cycle (phase 2), takes place throughout the mitochondrion, and electron transport phosphorylation takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, in the folds known as the cristae.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION –
How much ATP, water and carbon dioxide are generated from one molecule of glucose?
6 CO2, 6 H2O, 36 or 38 ATP
GLUCOSE STORAGE –
How is glucose stored in the liver and skeletal muscle?
Glucose not needed for ATP generation used for storage.
2 methods:
Glycogenesis - production of glycogen in liver.
Conversion to glycerol and fatty acids in liver followed by lipid production (lipogenesis) in adipose tissue.
GLUCOSE STORAGE –
How is glucose processed in the liver for storage in adipose tissue?
Conversion to glycerol and fatty acids in liver
followed by lipid production (lipogenesis) in
adipose tissue.
GLUCOSE RELEASE –
When needed for energy, how is stored glucose released?
When stored glucose needed: 1) May be released by breakdown of glycogen - glycogenolysis. 2) May be formed from proteins and fats - gluconeogenesis.
GLUCOSE RELEASE –
Define: glycolysis
Glycolysis - one glucose molecule oxidizes, 2 pyruvate molecules produced.
- Glycolysis does not require oxygen - therefore called anaerobic cellular respiration
GLUCOSE RELEASE –
Define: glycogenesis
production of glycogen in liver
GLUCOSE RELEASE –
Define: glycogenolysis
releasing glucose by breakdown of glycogen
GLUCOSE RELEASE –
Define: gluconeogenesis
Forming glucose from proteins and fats
LIPID TRANSPORT –
What are the components of a lipoprotein?
Lipoproteins consist of an outer core of proteins, phospholipids and cholesterol and an inner core of triglycerides.
Proteins in outer core of lipoproteins are called apoproteins.
LIPID TRANSPORT –
What are the protein components of a lipoprotein called?
apoproteins
LIPID TRANSPORT –
Name 4 classes of lipoproteins.
What are the functions of each type of lipoprotein?
Chylomicrons - discussed last week
VLDL’s (very low density lipoproteins)
LDLs (low density lipoproteins)
HDLs (high density lipoproteins)
LIPID TRANSPORT –
Which type of lipoprotein deposits in the arteries and causes atherosclerosis?
Low density lipoproteins
LIPID TRANSPORT –
Which type of lipoprotein is beneficial?
high density lipoproteins
