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Bio 40C > Lab Exam 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by the term mastication?

A

Chewing

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2
Q

What are peristaltic waves and what is their purpose?

A

Contraction of smooth muscle of stomach, churns food and mixes it with gastric juices to aid digestion

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3
Q

In what way does mechanical digestion aide the process of chemical digestion?

A

Creates a greater surface area for digestive enzymes to do their work

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4
Q

How do you define chemical digestion?

A

Chemical enzymes breaking down food macromolecules

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5
Q

Are enzymes proteins, carbohydrates, or lipids?

A

Proteins

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6
Q

What is the function of digestive enzyme?

A

Break down large molecules into smaller ones that can be digested.

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7
Q

What type of macromolecule is starch?

A

A Carbohydrate

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8
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the breakdown of starch and what are the products?

A

Amylases break down starch into disaccharides and monosaccharides. Amylases are found in the saliva and secreted by the pancreas.

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9
Q

What class of enzymes catalyzes the breakdown of lipids and what are the products?

A

Lipase breaks down lipids into glycerol and fatty acids.

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10
Q

What class of enzymes catalyze the breakdown of proteins and what are the products?

A

proteases break down proteins into peptides and amino acids.

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11
Q

What does pepsin digest?

A

Proteins

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12
Q

What is the precursor molecule for pepsin and from where is it secreted?

A

Pepsinogen, secreted by chief cells in the stomach

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13
Q

What is the optimal pH for pepsin activity

A

Acidic – pH 1-3

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14
Q

What is the optimal pH for amylase activity?

A

Neutral - pH 7

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15
Q

Explain how indigestion medication such as alka seltzer that contains bicarbonate works. (Include equation)

A

H20 (water) + C02 (Carbon Dioxide) = H2C03 (carbonic acid) = HCO3- (bicarbonate) + H+ (Proton) Bicarbonate bonds to protons, turning into carbonic acid, and then to H20 and C02, making the solution more alkaline.

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16
Q

Name two other classes of medication to treat overproduciton of stomach acid and explain how they work.

A

PPIs: proton pump inhibitor, directly inhibits proton pump thats pumping protons into the stomach (making it acidic) Antihistamines: Histamine stimulates acid secretion, antihistamine helps block that.

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17
Q

How many layers are found in the walls of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine?

A

4 layers – From interior/deep to external/superficial: The mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa.

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18
Q

What is the name of the deepest layer (in the walls of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine) and what type of tissues make up this layer?

A

The Mucosa, which is a moist layer that includes the surface epithelium, connective tissue (lamina propria), and smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae).

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19
Q

What type of tissue is found in the submucosa?

A

Areolar connective tissue

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20
Q

What type of tissue is found in the muscularis? How many layers in each location?

A

two layers in all but the stomach – an inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle. The stomach has three layers, an inner oblique, middle circular, and an outer longitudinal smooth muscle layer.

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21
Q

What is meant by the term peritoneum? How many layers has the peritoneum? Is the peritoneum a part of the GI wall?

A

The peritoneum is the largest serous membrane in the body. there are two layers of the peritoneum, with the parietal peritoneum lining the inner surface of the abdominopelvic wall and the visceral peritoneum covering organs within the abdominopelvic cavity. Secures organs together and to the abdominal wall.

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22
Q

What and where is the greater omentum? What and where is the lesser omentum?

A

The greater omentum is a large, fatty-looking apron that attaches to the transverse colon. It forms a pouch that hands between the body wall and the anterior surface of the small intestine. Loosely covers transverse colon and small intestine. The lesser omentum connects the medial curve of the stomach with the liver.

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23
Q

Are the salivary glands endocrine glands or exocrine glands? What do you give this answer?

A

Exocrine. Endocrine glands secrete directly into the blood.

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24
Q

What do salivary glands secrete and what is the purpose of these secretions?

A

Enzymes that intiate chemical digestion of carbohydrates and lipids.

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25
Q

Where are the parotid glands located?

A

anterior and inferior to the ears between the skin and the masseter muscle.

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26
Q

Where are the submandibular glands located?

A

in the posterior part of the mouth floor just medial to the madnible, deep to the mylohyoid muscle.

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27
Q

Where are the sublingual glands located?

A

under the tongue.

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28
Q

Name 3 functions of the tongue and state how the tongue achieves each of these functions.

A

Taste, chewing/swallowing, and speech.

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29
Q

What is the name for children’s teeth and how many are present?

A

Deciduous teeth (or primary teeth). 20 teeth total

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30
Q

What is the name for adult teeth and how many are present?

A

Permanent or secondary teeth. 32 teeth total

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31
Q

Write out the dental formula for childrens teeth.

A

upper teeth: 2 incisors, 1 cuspid, 0 premolars, 2 molars x 2 lower teeth: 2 incisors, 1 cuspid, 0 premolars, 2 molars x 2

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32
Q

What is the dental formula for adult teeth.

A

Upper teeth: 2 incisors, 1 cuspid, 2 premolars, 3 molars x 2 Lower teeth: 2 incisors, 1 cuspid, 2 premolars, 3 molars x 2

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33
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Posterior to the stomach.

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34
Q

What is the purpose of the exocrine pancreas? Name 4 enzymes secreted by the exocrine pancreas.

A

The exocrine protion secretes digestive enzymes pancreatic amylase, trypsin, chemotrypsin, and pancreatic lipase. In clusters called acinii.

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35
Q

What is the name for the endocrine part of the pancreas? Name 2 horomones secreted by the endocrine pancreas.

A

islets of langerhans (pancreatic islets). Insulin and glucagon.

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36
Q

Describe where the liver and gallbladder are located.

A

Liver is inferior to the diaphragm and touches the diaphragm all along the livers superior border. The gall bladder is located on the inferior surface of the liver between the right lobe and the quadrate lobe.

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37
Q

How many liver lobes are present in the human? What are their names?

A

4 - the right lobe, the left lobe, the caudate lobe, and the quadrate lobe.

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38
Q

What is the main digestive function of the liver?

A

Make bile to be delivered to the gallbladder for concentration and storage.

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39
Q

What is the main purpose of the gallbladder?

A

store and secrete bile.

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40
Q

What is the name of the ligament that binds the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

A

falciform ligament

41
Q

What specialized secretory cells are present in the gastric glands and what do they secrete?

A

Mucous neck cells = secrete mucous

Parietal Cells = secrete HCI and intrinsic factor

Chief cells = secrete pepsinogen

G Cells (endocrine) = secrete gastrin

42
Q

Where would you expect to find Kupffer cells? What do they do?

A

Fixed macrophages in the sinusoids of the liver lobules

43
Q

Flow of blood and bile through a liver lobule. Define 1-3.

A
  1. Bile canaliculus
  2. Hepatic vein
  3. Central vein
44
Q

Flow of blood and bile through a liver lobule. Define 4-6.

A
  1. sinusoids
  2. portal triad
  3. bile duct
45
Q

Flow of blood and bile through a liver lobule. Define 7-9.

A
  1. Hepatocytes
  2. branch of the hepatic portal vein
  3. branches of the hepatic artery
46
Q

What is this sample?

Define 21-23.

A

Liver Lobule.

  1. Hepatocytes
  2. Sinusoids
  3. Central Vein
47
Q

What is this sample? Define 19 and 20.

A

Histology of the pancreas.

  1. Acini
  2. Pancreatic islet
48
Q

What is this Sample? Define 13 - 15.

A

Duodenum of small intestine.

  1. Simple columnar Epithelium
  2. Goblet cell
  3. Villus
49
Q

What is this Sample? Define 16 - 18.

A

Duodenum of small intestine.

  1. Lamina propria
  2. Intestinal gland
  3. Duodenal gland in submucosa
50
Q

What is this sample? Define 9-12.

A

Fundic Mucosa of the stomach.

  1. Gastric pit
  2. simple columnar epithelium
  3. lamina propria
  4. gastric glands
51
Q

What is this sample? Define 1-4.

A

Wall of the esophagus.

  1. Stratified squamous epithelium
  2. Lamina propria
  3. circular layer of smooth muscle
  4. longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
52
Q

What is this sample? Define 5-8.

A

Wall of the esophagus.

  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis
  4. Serosa
53
Q

Pancreas, liver, and gallblader. Define 21-25.

A
  1. Quadrate Lobe
  2. Left Lobe
  3. Caudate Lobe
  4. Right Lobe
  5. Gallbladder
54
Q

Pancreas, Liver, and gallbladder. Define 17-20.

A
  1. Duodenal papilla
  2. Hepatopancreatic ampulla
  3. common bile duct
  4. pancreatic duct
55
Q

Pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. Define 1-4.

A
  1. Right hepatic duct
  2. Cystic duct
  3. gallbladder
  4. duodenum
56
Q

Pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. Define 5-8.

A
  1. Hepatopancreatic ampulla
  2. falciform ligament
  3. left lobe of liver
  4. left hepatic duct
57
Q

Pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. Define 9-12.

A
  1. Common hepatic duct
  2. Common bile duct
  3. Accessory pancreatic duct
  4. Tail of pancreas
58
Q

Pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. Define 13-16.

A
  1. Body of pancreas
  2. Pancreatic duct
  3. Head of pancreas
  4. Jejunum
59
Q

Teeth and tongue. Define 28-30.

A
  1. External anal sphincter
  2. anal column
  3. anus
60
Q

Frontal section of Anal canal. Define 25-27.

A
  1. Rectum
  2. Anal canal
  3. Internal anal sphincter
61
Q

Large Intestine, anterior view. Define 9-12.

A
  1. Right colic flexure
  2. ascending colon
  3. ileum
  4. ileocecal sphincter
62
Q

Large Intestine, anterior view. Define 13-16.

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Appendix
  3. Rectum
  4. Transverse colon
63
Q

Large Intestine, anterior view. Define 17-20.

A
  1. Left colic flexure
  2. descending colon
  3. teniae coli
  4. epiploic appendages
64
Q

Large Intestine, anterior view. Define 21- 24.

A
  1. Haustra
  2. Sigmoid colon
  3. Anal canal
  4. Anus
65
Q

Small intestine and large intestine. Define 1-4.

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Ascending Colon
  3. Jejunum
  4. Ileum
66
Q

Small intestine and large intestine. Define 5-8.

A
  1. Stomach
  2. Transverse colon
  3. descending colon
  4. rectum
67
Q

Esophagus and stomach. Define 1-4.

A
  1. Lesser curvature
  2. body
  3. Cardia
  4. lower esophageal sphincter
68
Q

Esophagus and stomach. Define 5-8.

A
  1. Esophagus
  2. Fundus
  3. Longitudinal muscle layer
  4. Circular muscle layer
69
Q

Esophagus and stomach. Define 9-12.

A
  1. Oblique muscle layer
  2. Greater curvature
  3. rugae
  4. pyloric antrum
70
Q

Esophagus and stomach. Define 13-15.

A
  1. Pyloric canal
  2. Pyloric sphincter
  3. pylorus
71
Q

Mouth and Pharynx. Define 1-5.

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Soft palate
  3. uvula
  4. fauces
  5. oropharynx
72
Q

Mouth and Pharynx. Define 6-10.

A
  1. Laryngopharynx
  2. Esophagus
  3. Hard palate
  4. Oral cavity
  5. tongue
73
Q

The mouth. Define 1-4.

A
  1. Hard palate
  2. Soft palate
  3. Uvula
  4. Cheek
74
Q

The mouth. Define 5-8.

A
  1. Vestibule
  2. Superior Lip
  3. Fauces
  4. Palatine tonsil
75
Q

The mouth. Define 9-12.

A
  1. Tongue
  2. Gingivae
  3. Inferior labial frenulum
  4. inferior lip
76
Q

Periotoneal folds. Define 11.

A
  1. Lesser omentum
77
Q

Peritoneal folds. Define 12, 13, 14.

A
  1. Greater omentum (reflected)
  2. Mesocolon
  3. mesentery
78
Q

Peritoneal folds. Define 9 and 10.

A
  1. Falciform ligament
  2. Greater omentum
79
Q

Peritoneal Folds. Define 1-4.

A
  1. Retroperitoneal organs
  2. lesser omentum
  3. mesocolon
  4. mesentery
80
Q

Peritoneal Folds. Define 5-8.

A
  1. Greater omentum
  2. Parietal peritoneum
  3. visceral peritoneum (serosa)
  4. Peritoneal cavity
81
Q

Layers of the gastrointestinal tract. Define 1-4.

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Serosa
  4. Muscularis
82
Q

Organs of the digestive system. Define 6-11.

A
  1. Large intestine
  2. Oral cavity
  3. stomach
  4. pancreas
  5. Small intestine
  6. Anus
83
Q

Organs of the digestive system. Define 1-5.

A
  1. Salivary glands
  2. Pharynx
  3. Esophagus
  4. Liver
  5. Gallbladder
84
Q

Location of Salivary Glands. Define 1-4.

A
  1. Parotid gland
  2. Parotid duct
  3. Opening of parotid duct
  4. Opening of subliguinal ducts
85
Q

Location of Salivary Glands. Define 5-7.

A
  1. Sublinguinal gland
  2. Submandibular duct
  3. Submandibular gland
86
Q

Tooth. Define 8-11.

A
  1. Crown
  2. Neck
  3. Root
  4. Enamel
87
Q

Tooth. Define 12-15.

A
  1. Dentin
  2. Gingiva
  3. Blood supply
  4. Pulp cavity with pulp
88
Q

Tooth. Define 16-20.

A
  1. Cementum
  2. Root canal
  3. Periodontal ligament
  4. Nerve
  5. Apical foramen
89
Q

Teeth and tongue. 24 - 26.

A
  1. Incisors
  2. Tongue
  3. Lingual frenulum
90
Q

Teeth and tongue. 21 - 23.

A
  1. Molars
  2. Premolars
  3. cuspid
91
Q

LIVER – What 3 components make up a portal triad?

A

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct

92
Q

TEETH – Know the different types of teeth, where they are and how they function.

A

Incisors cut food.

Cuspids tear food.

Premolars and molars crush and grind food.

93
Q

SALIVARY GLANDS – Know the function and location of the major salivary glands and their ducts.

A

Saliva moistens food and contains enzymes that initiate chemical digestion of carbohydrates and lipids.

Parotid glands - located anterior and inferior to the ears between the skin and masseter muscle.

Submandibular glands – posterior part of the mouth floor just medial to the mandible, deep to the mylohyoid muscle.

Sublingual glands – under the tongue.

94
Q

GALLBLADDER – What does bile do?

A

Bile emulsifies lipids, which breaks down large spheres of lipids into smaller ones. Bile salts aid in digestion by breaking down lipids.

95
Q

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES – What is the optimal temperature for enzyme activity? What would happen if the digestion temperature is too high? What would happen if the temperature is too low?

A

Body temperature – 37 degrees celsius. They denature and become inactive if the temperature is two high, and i suspect do not react if the temperature is too low.

96
Q

PEPSIN – Know where pepsin is produced and the food component that it digests. What is the optimal pH for pepsin activity?

A

Pepsin is produced as pepsinogen in cheif cells in the stomach. pepsin digests protein, and functions optimally at an acidic pH (1-3)

97
Q

AMYLASE – Know where amylase is produced and what food component it digests. Know a simple method you can use to test for amylase function.

A

Amylase can be found in saliva and secreted by the pancrease. Amylase digests carbohydrates. chew something with carbohydrates and see how long it takes to taste sweet (as salivary amylase breaks down the carbohydrates into disaccarides and monosaccarides.)

98
Q

GI TRACT –

You should be able to name the different areas of the colon.

A

The large intestine is composed of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.

Ascending colon to transverse colon to the descending colon, to the sigmoid colon, to the rectum.

99
Q

GI TRACT WALL – What is the name for the squamous epithelial layer of the serosa?

A

Mesothelium

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