Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
contains DNA/RNA
cell nucleus
ribosomes on outer surface synthesize proteins
endoplasmic reticulum
- production of steroid hormones
- synthesize glycogen
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
packages proteins and lipids in vesicles
golgi bodies
produces cell energy (ATP) via respiration
mitochondria
myeloid cell that targets bacteria and fungi
neutrophil
myeloid cell that targets parasites and allergic inflammatory response
eosinophils
myeloid cell that releases histamine for inflammatory responses
basophil
myeloid cell that migrates from vasculature to tissue and differentiates in macrophages
monocyte
lymphoid cell that binds tumors and virus-infected cells without antigen stimulation and kills them by granule insertion
natural killer cell
lymphoid cell that directly kills infected cells by injecting proteins
-produces proteins that regulate immune system to kill pathogens and can distinguish between self and non-self
T lymphocytes
lymphoid cell that recognizes surface antigens on bacteria and viruses to produce antibodies to activate the immune system and destroy pathogens
B lymphocyte
B lymphocyte that differentiates into a plasma cell with help from T-cells. Ab it produces is similar to receptor on B lymphocyte. Abs released to bind to antigen to cause its destruction.
Plasma cells
intracellular stores of calcium
mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
increases in intracellular calcium triggers what enzymatic pathways that can be injurious to the cell?
ATPase = no ATP, no energy
phospholipase and protease = cell membrane damage
endonuclease = nuclear chromatin damage
anoxia
no oxygen delivery
asphyxia
no oxygen delivery due to an interruption of breathing
what are examples of reversible cell injury
- decreased respiration and loss of ATP
- glycogenolysis and glycogen depletion
- reduction in intracellular pH (lactic acid)
- failure of membrane transport systems (cellular edema - H2O accumulation due to increase in intracellular Na+)
- detachment of ribosomes and decreased protein synthesis
irreversible cell injury
- massive influx of calcium
- membrane damage (phospholipases, ROS)
- intracellular release of lysosomal enzymes (RNAases, DNAases, proteases)
coagulative necrosis
- preservation of cell outlines and tissue structure
- prototype - myocardial infarction
liquefactive necrosis
- insult leading to an influx of neutrophils releasing catalytic enzymes
- loss of cell outlines and tissue structure
- ex: bacterial abscess, brain
early changes in coagulative necrosis
- hypereosinophilia (more red “red means dead”)
- cytoplasmic vacuolization
- nuclear changes: 1) pyknosis (shrunken and hyperchromatic)
2) karyorrhexis (fragmented)
3) disappearance
granuloma is different from granulation tissue
granulation tissue: new tissue that forms as part of the healing of an injury
granuloma: chronic area of inflammation
saponification
pancreatic enzymes break down fat tissue around the pancreas, which then complexes with cations and essentially forms soap