Case Study Exam 1 Flashcards
malignant epithelial neoplasm
carcinoma
malignant mesenchymal neoplasm
sarcoma
malignant neoplasms of hematopoietic cells
lymphoma/leukemia
- oma = swelling/tumor
- emia = of the blood
derived from a single cell
clonal
differences bw benign & malignant
- differentiation & anaplasia
- rate of growth
- local invasion
- metastasis
genes that are altered in cancer
- oncogenes: growth promoting
- tumor suppressor genes: growth inhibiting
- genes that regulate apoptosis
- genes involved in DNA repair
role of p53
- tumor suppressor protein
- senses damage, promotes cell cycle arrest, repair, exit from cell cycle or apoptosis
____ & _____ oncoproteins inactivate p53 and RB, respectively.
E6 inactivates p53
E7 inactivates RB
High-risk HPV oncoproteins
E6 and E7
High-risk HPV strains
16 & 18
Low-risk HPV strains
6 & 11
What is the TNM classification?
T(umor)
N(ode)
M(etastasis)
Describes cancer stage, most powerful predictor of outcome
local signs of cancer
swelling, hemorrhage, ulceration, pain
metastatic signs of cancer
enlarged lymph nodes, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, pain or fracture of affected bones, neurological symptoms
systemic signs of cancers
weight loss (poor appetite & cachexia), fatigue, anemia, paraneoplastic phenomena
cachexia
weakness or wasting of the body due to chronic illness
symptoms of acute appendicitis
- periumbilical pain (right lower quadrant)
- nausea
- vomiting
- low-grade fever
- elevated WBC count
Cells associated with acute inflammation?
- Neutrophils!
- neutrophilic infiltration of the lumen, muscular wall, & periappendiceal soft tissues
Diagnosis of acute appendicitis requires what?
neutrophilic infiltration of the muscularis propria
Coagulative necrosis
due to ischemia
-can still see cell outline but protein is denatured inside
-happens everywhere except brain
Ex: myocardial infarction
liquefactive necrosis
digestion of dead cells & tissue
-lots of leukocytes, many neutrophils release catalytic enzymes
-typically occurs in CNS
Ex: brain abscess
caseous necrosis
looks cheese-like
-due to body trying to wall-off & kill w/ macrophages
Ex: tuberculosis
fat necrosis
destruction of fat
-chalky calcification
saponification
Ex: breast fat necrosis, pancreatitis
gangrenous necrosis
coagulative necrosis in limb, lack of blood flow.
Ex: gangrene toe
fibrinoid necrosis
antigen deposits in vessel and fibrils form around it
Risk factors & causes for MI
-major underlying cause: artherosclerosis
Risk factors:
-smoking, diabetes, HBP
Purpose of a cervical PAP test?
to detect squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) from HPV infection
What are the 4 possible interpretations of a pap test that a pathologist may report?
1) Normal
2) LSIL (low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion)
3) HSIL (high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion)
4) In-situ carcinoma
Common risk factors for cervical neoplasia
-early age at first intercourse
-HIV
-multiple sex partners
-male partner w/ multiple sex partners
-smoking
-persistent infection by high-risk strains of HPV**
(**most important for progression to carcinoma)
What are the causes of appendicitis?
- fecalith (fecal stone)
- gallstone
- tumor
- mass of worms
- lymphoid hyperplasia (lymph nodes enlarged in appendix)
How to diagnose appendicitis?
adults - CT
kids - abdominal ultrasound
treatment of appendicitis
laparoscopic appendectomy
what would happen if appendicitis is not treated?
- ulceration > perforation
- peritonitis
- sepsis > shock > organ failure > death
what are the risk factors for MI?
- increasing age
- atherosclerosis
- male
- family/personal history of CAD
- tobacco use
- diabetes
causes of MI
- atherosclerotic plaque changes (rupture, ulceration, hemorrhage) > thrombus (clot) superimposed
- embolus (clot dislodges, travels to coronaries)
- drugs (ex cocaine)
- hypertrophy (large heart needs more O2)
Risk factors of cervical neoplasia
- HPV
- early stage of first intercourse
- multiple sexual partners
- smoking
- immunosuppression
