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Bio 125 > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Levels of biological Order Starting with the largest and giving an example for each

A
  1. Organism - Human
  2. Organ System - Digestive system
  3. Organ - Small Intestines
  4. Tissue - connective tissue
  5. Cell - red blood cell
  6. Organelle - Golgi Apparatus
  7. Macromolecule - DNA
  8. Molecule - Water
  9. Atom - Carbon
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2
Q

Sweat Glands, the lungs, the thyroid gland, blood vessels in the skin and skeletal muscles are all examples of which feedback system component for regulating body temperature?

A

Effectors

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3
Q

All feedback systems usually involve:

A

Some type of sensor, a control center and one or more effectors

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4
Q

What processes occur as part of the cooling response to a rise in body temperature?

A

Vasodilation of blood vessels in skin, sweating, and increased breathing rate.

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5
Q

What processes occur as part of the warming response to a drop in body temperature?

A

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in skin, piloerection, increased thyroid hormone secretion, shivering.

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6
Q

Involves unequal sharing of an electron pair between two atoms

A

Polar covalent bond

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7
Q

Involves equal sharing of an electron pair between two atoms.

A

Non-polar covalent bond

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8
Q

A non-covalent bond that involves an attraction between two opposite partial charges, one of which is typically on an O or N atom.

A

Hydrogen Bond

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9
Q

A non-covalent bond that uses electrostatic interactions to form salt crystals

A

Ionic Bond

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10
Q

A weak non-covalent bond between any two closely spaced neutral atoms.

A

Van der Waals interaction

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11
Q

Polar covalent bonds that could participate in hydrogen bonding.

A

N-H and O-H

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12
Q

Molecules that can form bonds or attractive forces with water to become water-soluble are :

A

Hydrophilic molecules

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13
Q

How do pH and buffers work together?

A

Buffers resist pH changes by binding extra H+ ions when an acid is added to them and releasing H+ ions when a base is added to them.

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14
Q

A monosaccharide that is the main blood sugar

A

Glucose

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15
Q

A monosaccharide found in fruits.

A

Fructose

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16
Q

A disaccharide found in table sugar

A

Sucrose

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17
Q

A disaccharide found in milk

A

lactose

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18
Q

A polysaccharide that stores energy in animals

A

glycogen

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19
Q

A polysaccharide that stores energy in plants

A

starch

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20
Q

a polysaccharide that provides structural support in plants

A

cellulose

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21
Q

A monosaccharide found in DNA

A

deoxyribose

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22
Q

consists of a chain of carbon atoms bonded to a carboxyl group

A

fatty acid

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23
Q

a triglyceride commonly found in animal fats and dairy products

A

saturated fat

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24
Q

a triglyceride mostly found in plant and fish oils and various nuts

A

unsaturated fat

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25
Q

forms a bilayer in the plasma membrane of all cells

A

phospholipid

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26
Q

contains cholesterol within its structure and includes estrogen, cortisol, and testosterone as common examples

A

steroid

27
Q

(level of protein structure) links amino acids covalently into a linear chain.

A

Primary

28
Q

(level of protein structure) includes alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets, which are stabilized by hydrogen bonds.

A

Secondary

29
Q

(level of protein structure) the three-dimensional shape of a protein, which is stabilized through various non-covalent bonds.

A

tertiary

30
Q

(level of protein structure) the orientation of subunits in proteins that have multiple amino acid chains.

A

quaternary

31
Q

Both DNA and RNA have:

A

nucleotides linked covalently to one another

32
Q

(chemical bond) a covalent bond that links sugar molecules together

A

glycosidic

33
Q

(chemical bond) a covalent bond that links fatty acids with glycerol

A

ester

34
Q

(chemical bond) a covalent bond that links nucleotides together

A

phosphodiester

35
Q

(chemical bond) a covalent bond that forms that primary structure of proteins

A

peptide

36
Q

(chemical bond) a non-covalent bond that stabilizes the secondary structures of proteins

A

hydrogen

37
Q

is a nucleotide as well as the main energy currency of living cells

A

ATP

38
Q

What molecules undergo simple diffusion across a membrane?

A

Gases, Hydrophilic molecules, lipid-soluble, and nonpolar molecules.

39
Q

Placing a red blood cell in what solution would cause it to swell and burst?

A

distilled water

40
Q

what causes blood cells to undergo hemolysis when placed in a hypotonic solution & to undergo crenation when placed in a hypertonic solution?

A

Osmosis

41
Q

internalizes small fluid droplets from outside the cell

A

pinocytosis (cell drinking)

42
Q

internalizes cell waste, debris, pathogens or food particles

A

phagocytosis (cell eating)

43
Q

internalizes hormones & other ligands within coated pits

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

44
Q

secretes hormones, neurotransmitters & other substances from the cell

A

exocytosis

45
Q

perform muscle contraction, assist cell migration & division, support microvilli & contain actin

A

microfillaments

46
Q

resist stretching & stress forces, form the nuclear lamina, attach cells to each other & contain keratin

A

intermediate filaments

47
Q

provide tracks for motor proteins, form spindle fibers, support cilia & flagella & contain tubulin

A

microtubules

48
Q

a contact point that adheres cells & minimizes permeability between them, especially in epithelial tissues

A

tight junction

49
Q

a contact point between cells that allows communication & exchange of molecules

A

Gap Junction

50
Q

a contact point between cells that serves as a rivet to reduce mechanical stress in tissues

A

desmosome

51
Q

covered with ribosomes & is a main site for protein synthesis

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum ( rough ER )

52
Q

synthesizes lipids, detoxifies poisons & stores calcium

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum ( smooth ER )

53
Q

modifies, stores, packages & sorts proteins & lipids to their correct destination

A

Golgi Complex

54
Q

contains hydrolytic enzymes for phagocytosis & autophagy

A

Lysosome

55
Q

detoxifies substances & breaks down fatty acids, especially in the liver

A

peroxisome

56
Q

the primary site of ATP synthesis in most cells under most conditions

A

Mitochondrion

57
Q

the main storage site of chromatin & the location where ribosomes are assembled

A

Nucleus

58
Q

The correct sequence for the transfer of information during gene expression is:

A

DNA base triplet sequence determines the mRNA codon sequence which determines the protein amino acid sequence

59
Q

general features of living things

A
  1. contain 1 or more cells
  2. grow, develop, and reproduce
  3. adapt and evolve as a population
  4. consume energy and undergo metabolism
  5. respond to stimuli
  6. achieve homeostasis
  7. maintain order
60
Q

Major element examples

A
  1. oxygen (O)
  2. Carbon (C)
  3. hydrogen (H)
61
Q

Lesser element examples

A
  1. Sulfur (S)
  2. Potassium (K)
  3. Sodium (Na)
62
Q

Trace element examples

A
  1. Chromium (Cr)
  2. Colbalt (Co)
  3. Copper (Cu)
63
Q
A
64
Q
A

Bio 125 (6 decks)

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