Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
Levels of biological Order Starting with the largest and giving an example for each
- Organism - Human
- Organ System - Digestive system
- Organ - Small Intestines
- Tissue - connective tissue
- Cell - red blood cell
- Organelle - Golgi Apparatus
- Macromolecule - DNA
- Molecule - Water
- Atom - Carbon
Sweat Glands, the lungs, the thyroid gland, blood vessels in the skin and skeletal muscles are all examples of which feedback system component for regulating body temperature?
Effectors
All feedback systems usually involve:
Some type of sensor, a control center and one or more effectors
What processes occur as part of the cooling response to a rise in body temperature?
Vasodilation of blood vessels in skin, sweating, and increased breathing rate.
What processes occur as part of the warming response to a drop in body temperature?
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in skin, piloerection, increased thyroid hormone secretion, shivering.
Involves unequal sharing of an electron pair between two atoms
Polar covalent bond
Involves equal sharing of an electron pair between two atoms.
Non-polar covalent bond
A non-covalent bond that involves an attraction between two opposite partial charges, one of which is typically on an O or N atom.
Hydrogen Bond
A non-covalent bond that uses electrostatic interactions to form salt crystals
Ionic Bond
A weak non-covalent bond between any two closely spaced neutral atoms.
Van der Waals interaction
Polar covalent bonds that could participate in hydrogen bonding.
N-H and O-H
Molecules that can form bonds or attractive forces with water to become water-soluble are :
Hydrophilic molecules
How do pH and buffers work together?
Buffers resist pH changes by binding extra H+ ions when an acid is added to them and releasing H+ ions when a base is added to them.
A monosaccharide that is the main blood sugar
Glucose
A monosaccharide found in fruits.
Fructose
A disaccharide found in table sugar
Sucrose
A disaccharide found in milk
lactose
A polysaccharide that stores energy in animals
glycogen
A polysaccharide that stores energy in plants
starch
a polysaccharide that provides structural support in plants
cellulose
A monosaccharide found in DNA
deoxyribose
consists of a chain of carbon atoms bonded to a carboxyl group
fatty acid
a triglyceride commonly found in animal fats and dairy products
saturated fat
a triglyceride mostly found in plant and fish oils and various nuts
unsaturated fat
forms a bilayer in the plasma membrane of all cells
phospholipid
contains cholesterol within its structure and includes estrogen, cortisol, and testosterone as common examples
steroid
(level of protein structure) links amino acids covalently into a linear chain.
Primary
(level of protein structure) includes alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets, which are stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
Secondary
(level of protein structure) the three-dimensional shape of a protein, which is stabilized through various non-covalent bonds.
tertiary
(level of protein structure) the orientation of subunits in proteins that have multiple amino acid chains.
quaternary
Both DNA and RNA have:
nucleotides linked covalently to one another
(chemical bond) a covalent bond that links sugar molecules together
glycosidic
(chemical bond) a covalent bond that links fatty acids with glycerol
ester
(chemical bond) a covalent bond that links nucleotides together
phosphodiester
(chemical bond) a covalent bond that forms that primary structure of proteins
peptide
(chemical bond) a non-covalent bond that stabilizes the secondary structures of proteins
hydrogen
is a nucleotide as well as the main energy currency of living cells
ATP
What molecules undergo simple diffusion across a membrane?
Gases, Hydrophilic molecules, lipid-soluble, and nonpolar molecules.
Placing a red blood cell in what solution would cause it to swell and burst?
distilled water
what causes blood cells to undergo hemolysis when placed in a hypotonic solution & to undergo crenation when placed in a hypertonic solution?
Osmosis
internalizes small fluid droplets from outside the cell
pinocytosis (cell drinking)
internalizes cell waste, debris, pathogens or food particles
phagocytosis (cell eating)
internalizes hormones & other ligands within coated pits
receptor-mediated endocytosis
secretes hormones, neurotransmitters & other substances from the cell
exocytosis
perform muscle contraction, assist cell migration & division, support microvilli & contain actin
microfillaments
resist stretching & stress forces, form the nuclear lamina, attach cells to each other & contain keratin
intermediate filaments
provide tracks for motor proteins, form spindle fibers, support cilia & flagella & contain tubulin
microtubules
a contact point that adheres cells & minimizes permeability between them, especially in epithelial tissues
tight junction
a contact point between cells that allows communication & exchange of molecules
Gap Junction
a contact point between cells that serves as a rivet to reduce mechanical stress in tissues
desmosome
covered with ribosomes & is a main site for protein synthesis
rough endoplasmic reticulum ( rough ER )
synthesizes lipids, detoxifies poisons & stores calcium
smooth endoplasmic reticulum ( smooth ER )
modifies, stores, packages & sorts proteins & lipids to their correct destination
Golgi Complex
contains hydrolytic enzymes for phagocytosis & autophagy
Lysosome
detoxifies substances & breaks down fatty acids, especially in the liver
peroxisome
the primary site of ATP synthesis in most cells under most conditions
Mitochondrion
the main storage site of chromatin & the location where ribosomes are assembled
Nucleus
The correct sequence for the transfer of information during gene expression is:
DNA base triplet sequence determines the mRNA codon sequence which determines the protein amino acid sequence
general features of living things
- contain 1 or more cells
- grow, develop, and reproduce
- adapt and evolve as a population
- consume energy and undergo metabolism
- respond to stimuli
- achieve homeostasis
- maintain order
Major element examples
- oxygen (O)
- Carbon (C)
- hydrogen (H)
Lesser element examples
- Sulfur (S)
- Potassium (K)
- Sodium (Na)
Trace element examples
- Chromium (Cr)
- Colbalt (Co)
- Copper (Cu)
