Final Exam Flashcards
a ring of microfilaments forms a cleavage furrow & pinches the cell in half
cytokenesis
spindle fibers separate sister chromatids
anaphase 2
chromosomes replicate to form sister chromatids attached at their centromere
S phase
the nuclear envelope & nuceoli reform & chromatin decondenses
Telophase 2
spindle fibers separate homologues
Anaphase 1
chromatin condenses, the nuclear envelope disappears, spindle fibers attach to kinetochores & homologues undergo crossing over
prophase 1
spindle fibers position homologues along the cell equator & independent assortment occurs
Metaphase 1
events of sperm production in the correct order, starting with germ-line cells in the seminiferous tubules
- Spermatogonia undergo mitosis
- Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I
- Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II
- Spermatids undergo spermiogenesis
- Spermatozoa undergo spermiation
- Spermatozoa are stored within epididymis
a female steroid hormone which promotes secretion of a glycogen-rich mucus by the uterine endometrium & prevents menstruation
progesterone
pituitary gonadotropin that stimulates testosterone production, ovulation & corpus luteum formation
LH
hormone from the hypothalamus that regulates gonadotropin secretion
GnRH
hormone from the hypothalamus that regulates gonadotropin secretion
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
pituitary gonadotropin that stimulates follicle growth, estradiol secretion & spermatogenesis
FSH
a female steroid hormone made by developing follicles that promotes endometrial growth & triggers a surge of LH secretion
estradiol
a hormone from Sertoli cells & the ovary that inhibits FSH secretion
Inhibin
posterior pituitary hormone that stimulates milk release & contractions of the uterine myometrium
Oxytocin
a protein from Sertoli cells that maintains testosterone levels in seminiferous tubules
ABP
an androgen made by Leydig cells that is converted into DHT in some target cells
Testosterone
the first two weeks of the ovarian cycle
Follicular phase
period of the uterine cycle when estradiol stimulates growth & thickening of the endometrium
proliferative phase
a scar-like structure that forms in the ovary if embryo implantation does not occur
corpus albicans
the first few days of the uterine cycle when the functional layer of the endometrium is shed
Menstrual phase
period of the uterine cycle after ovulation when progesterone stimulates production of a glycogen-rich mucus by uterine glands
secretory phase
releases at day 14 of the ovarian cycle a secondary oocyte stuck in metaphase II
ovulation
the last day or two of the uterine cycle when blood vessels constrict & tissues in the endometrium degenerate
premenstrual phase
the last two weeks of the ovarian cycle during which sex hormones are secreted to prepare the uterus for an implanted embryo
luteal phase
the events of fertilizaton in the correct order, starting with the process that confers sperm with the ability to penetrate an egg
- capacitation
- sperm cells penetrate the corona radiata
- sperm cells release acrosomal enzymes to penetrate the zona pellucida
- sperm & oocyte membranes fuse & a fertilization membrane forms
- the oocyte completes meiosis II
- sperm & ovum nuclei fuse to form a zygote
