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Anatomy > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

study of internal/external structures &
the physical relationship between parts of the body

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2
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Surface anatomy, regional antaomy, systemic anatomy, developmental anatomy

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3
Q

Surface anatomy

A

General form and superficial markings

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4
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

Specific areas (libs, trunk)

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5
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Specific Organ systems (CVS)

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6
Q

Developments anatomy

A

changes from embryo to adult

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7
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Cytology, Histology

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8
Q

Cytology

A

Internal structures of cells

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9
Q

Histology

A

Tissues and tissue layers

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10
Q

Physiology

A

Study of how the human body performs vital functions

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11
Q

Specialities of Physiology

A

Cellular, Special, Systemic, Pathological

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12
Q

Cellular Physiology

A

Chemical processes within and between cells

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13
Q

Special Physiology

A

Specific organ (cardiac function)

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14
Q

Systemic Physiology

A

Specific organ systems (CVS)

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15
Q

Pathological Physiology

A

Disease on organs/systems (high BP)

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16
Q

Homeostasis

A

Ability of the body to maintain a stable environment, stable NOT stagnant, response to changing conditions, many regulations systems restore balance (endocrine and nervous systems)

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17
Q

Extrinsic regulation and feedback loops

A

Feedback loops triggered by stimulus that disrupts homeostasis

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18
Q

Feedback loops include:

A

Receptor, control center, effector

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19
Q

Receptor

A

Detects a stimulus

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20
Q

Control Center

A

Interprets information, sends command to effector

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21
Q

Effector

A

Produces a response

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22
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

Response by the effector eliminates the stimulus, most common, ex. thermoregulation, regulating blood sugar, etc.

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23
Q

Positive Feedback Lop

A

Response by effector will reinforce the stimulus, dangerous/stressful situations (rapid response), cycle perpetuates, ex. blood clotting, contractions, etc.

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24
Q

Frons

A

Forehead/frontal

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25
Q

Cranium

A

Skull/cranial

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26
Q

Facies

A

Face/facial

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27
Q

Oris

A

Mouth/oral

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28
Q

Mentis

A

Chin/mental

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29
Q

Axilla

A

Armpit/axillary

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30
Q

Brachium

A

Arm/brachial

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31
Q

Antecubitis

A

Front of elbow/antecubital

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32
Q

Antebrachium

A

Forearm/antebrachial

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33
Q

Carpus

A

Wrist/carpal

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34
Q

Pollex

A

Thumb

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35
Q

Digits

A

Phalanges/fingers/digital/phalangeal/toes

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36
Q

Palma

A

palm/palmar

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37
Q

Patella

A

Kneecap/patellar

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38
Q

Crus

A

Leg/Crural

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39
Q

Tarsus

A

ankle/tarsal

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40
Q

Hallux

A

Great Toe/big toe

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41
Q

Pes

A

Foot/pedal

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42
Q

Femur

A

thigh/femoral

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43
Q

Pubis

A

Pubic

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44
Q

Inguen

A

Groin/inguinal

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45
Q

Pelvis

A

Pelvic

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46
Q

Umbilicus

A

Navel/Umbilical

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47
Q

Abdomen

A

Abdominal

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48
Q

Mamma

A

Brest/mammary

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49
Q

Thoracis

A

Thorax, chest, thoracic

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50
Q

Cervicis

A

Neck/cervical

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51
Q

Nasus

A

Nose/nasal

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52
Q

Auris

A

Ear/Otic

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53
Q

Bucca

A

Cheek/buccal

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54
Q

Oculus

A

Eye/orbital/ocular

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55
Q

Shoulder

A

Acromial

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56
Q

Dorsum

A

Back/dorsal

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57
Q

Olecranon

A

Back of elbow/olecranal

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58
Q

Lumbus

A

Loin/lumbar

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59
Q

Manus

A

Hand/manual

60
Q

Gluteus

A

Buttock/gluteal

61
Q

Popliteus

A

Back of knee/popliteal

62
Q

Sura

A

Calf/sural

63
Q

Calcaneus

A

Heel of foot/calcaneal

64
Q

Planta

A

Sole of foot/plantar

65
Q

Cephalon

A

Head/cephalic

66
Q

Cervicis

A

Neck/cervical

67
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides. (left/right)

68
Q

Frontal Plane/Coronal

A

A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions. (Anterior/posterior)

69
Q

Transverse Plane

A

horizontal plane, divides into top and bottom

70
Q

Midsagittal Plane

A

Right Down the middle

71
Q

Medial

A

Toward Midline

72
Q

Lateral

A

Toward sides

73
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to trunk in regards to limbs

74
Q

Distal

A

Further from trunk in regards to libs

75
Q

Anterior/Ventral

A

Front

76
Q

Posterior/Dorsal

A

Back

77
Q

Cranial

A

Movement towards the head

78
Q

Caudal

A

Movement towards the tail

79
Q

Inferior

A

Below/Toward feet

80
Q

Superior

A

Above/Toward head

81
Q

Chambers of the body

A

Internal chambers holding vital organs, allows organs to move without friction, provides protection

82
Q

Two main body cavities

A

Dorsal Body Cavity+Ventral Body Cavity

83
Q

Dorsal Body Cavity Contains:

A

Cranial Cavity and Spinal cavity

84
Q

Ventral body cavity contains:

A

Thoracic cavity and Abdominocavity

85
Q

Serous membranes

A

Continuous membranes with and inner and outer layer (examples: pleura, pericardium, peritoneum)

86
Q

Parietal

A

“wall”, outer layer of serous membranes

87
Q

Visceral

A

“organ”, inner layer of serous membranes

88
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Holds heart and lungs, subdivided into left and right pleural cavities

89
Q

Left and right pleural cavities

A

Each contains a lung, lined w/ visceral and parietal pleura

90
Q

Mediastinum

A

Contains pericardium (visceral and parietal)

91
Q

Pericardium

A

Serous membrane around heart

92
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Lined by the peritoneum (visceral and parietal)/Includes: Abdominal and Pelvic cavity

93
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, most of the large intestine

94
Q

Pelvic Cavity

A

Reproductive organs, urinary bladder, final portion of large intestine

95
Q

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

A

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

96
Q

Abdominopelvic Regions

A

(In order from top to bottom, left to right, like reading a book) Right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, Left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right inguinal region (iliac), hypogastric (pubic) region, left inguinal region (iliac)

97
Q

Cells:

A

Building blocks of life, produced by division of preexisting cells

98
Q

Cell Theory

A

Each Cell maintains own homeostasis, homeostasis at higher levels reflects the coordinated actions of many cells

99
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

watery fluid that surrounds outsides of cells

100
Q

Cell membrane

A

Outer boundary of cell/plasma membrane

101
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contents inner chamber of cell

102
Q

Cytosol

A

Fluid of cytoplasm

103
Q

Organelles

A

Cell structures in cytoplasm

104
Q

Intracellular Fluid

A

watery fluid that surrounds insides of cells

105
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

Semi-permeable membrane of cell containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic tails, barrier to ions/water-soluble compounds, allows lipid-soluble compounds to pass

106
Q

Hydrophilic heads

A

Water-loving heads of phospholipid bilayer that face outward on both sides, toward watery environments

107
Q

Hydrophobic fatty-acid tails

A

Water-fearing, inside membrane of phospholipid bilayer

108
Q

Membrane Proteins

A

Integral and peripheral proteins

109
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Proteins embedded in membrane

110
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

Proteins attached to membrane

111
Q

Types of peripheral proteins

A

Anchoring, recognition, receptor, carrier, channel

112
Q

Anchoring Proteins

A

Stablizers

113
Q

Recognitions Proteins

A

identify other cells

114
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

Bind and respond to specific solutes

115
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

Transport specific solutes through membrane

116
Q

Channel Proteins

A

Gated and non-gated, free flow of ions and water

117
Q

Permeability

A

How easily can substances cross the membrane

118
Q

Impermeability

A

Nothing Passes through

119
Q

freely permeable

A

Anything can pass

120
Q

Semi-permeable and Selective

A

Characteristic of cell membrane that means some things can pass freely, while some are restricted

121
Q

Transport mechanisms

A

Transport through the cell membrane tat can be passive or active. Types: diffusion and osmosis (passive), carrier-mediated transport (active or passive), vesicular transport (active)

122
Q

Diffusion

A

random movement of molecules, from high concentration to low, continues until evenly distributed, passive: requires no energy

123
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water across semipermeable membrane, water flows towards the higher solute concentration

124
Q

Tonicity

A

relative concentration of solutes in solution

125
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

Solution has same concentration as cell

126
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

Solution has lower concentration than cell, cell can burst (hemolysis)

127
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

Solution has a higher concentration than cell, cell loses water, shrivels/crenation

128
Q

Co-transport

A

Two substance move the same direction, same time, a type of carrier-mediated transport

129
Q

Counter-transport

A

One substance moves in while another moves out

130
Q

Facilitated Diffusion (passive)

A

Molecule binds to receptor site on carrier protein (only specific molecules), protein changes shape, molecule passes through

131
Q

Active transport

A

Consumes (ATP) energy to move against the gradient

132
Q

Primary Active transport

A

Uses energy to transport substances, sodium potassium exchange pumps-one ATP moves 3 sodium out, 2 potassium in

133
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Uses energy after passive transport

134
Q

Membrane Potential

A

Unequal changes across the plasma membrane

135
Q

Potential Difference

A

occurs when positive and negative charges are separated (inside of cell=negative/Outside of cell=positive)

136
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

Materials move into or out of cells in vesicles (pockets), requires ATP

137
Q

Endocytosis

A

movement into the cell, receptor-mediated endocytosis, pinocytosis: “cell-drinking”, phagocytosis: “cell-eating”

138
Q

Exocytosis

A

ejection of materials from the cell

139
Q

Ribosomes

A

Produce proteins, can be free or fixed, (fixed=attached to endoplasmic reticulum), 2 subunits: 1 small, 1 large:lock around mRNA, message from DNA

140
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Factory)

A

Intracellular channels attached to nucleus, Stores and transports molecules from the cytoplasm, enzymes in ER detoxify drugs/toxins (liver and kidney cells) Rough ER: contains ribosomes (produces proteins), Smooth ER: doesn’t contain ribosomes (produces carbs and lipids)

141
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

(Post office of cell), creates vesicles that package, transport, and deliver materials inside/outside the cell

142
Q

Vesicles contain

A

Hormones (going out), Proteins/lipids (added to membrane), Enzymes (used in or transported out of cell)

143
Q

Lysosome

A

Removes damaged organelles, destroys bacteria, cleanup/recycle, autolysis

144
Q

Mitochondria

A

Responsible for 95% of ATP production, ATP=high energy compound, if broken down, released energy to fuel cellular activities

145
Q

Glycolysis

A

Cells produce ATP by breaking down glucose, glucose->2pyruvic acid molecules, remainder is absorbed into mitochondria for citric acid cycle, anaerobic

146
Q
A

Anatomy (2 decks)

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