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Anatomy and Physiology > lecture exam 1 > Flashcards

lecture exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

three chemcical bonds

A

hydrogen, covalent, and ionic bonds

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2
Q

order of the least strongest to strongest bond

A

hydrogen, ionic, polar covalent, non-polar covalent

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3
Q

polar cavelnt molecule

A

water

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4
Q

four types of inorganic compounds

A

water, acids, bases, salts (ionic-anions and cations in water), do not contain carbon atoms in chain

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5
Q

universal solvent

A

water because it is abundant, high heat capacity, and a thermoregulator

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6
Q

buffers

A

acid-balance regulators, able to resis abrupt changes to the pH by binding to H+ when pH drops

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7
Q

organic compounds

A

carbs (-saccharides), lipids (fats), nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), proteins

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8
Q

disaccharides

A

sucrose, lacose, maltose (linked by glycosidic bonds)

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9
Q

primary protien structure

A

linear chain

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10
Q

secondary protein structure

A

alphs helox or beta pleated sheet

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11
Q

tertiary protein structure

A

proteins coil to make 3D shape

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12
Q

quaternary protein structure

A

two or more polypeptide chains held by disulfide bonds

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13
Q

structural proteins

A

secondary structure, insoluble, mechanical support and are in an strand-like shape

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14
Q

fucntional proteins

A

soluble, (3/4 structure), ball-like, sensitive to low pH and high temp

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15
Q

fibrous proteins

A

structural proteins

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16
Q

denaturation

A

high temp and low pH levels

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17
Q

lipids

A

neutral fats, phospholpids, steriods, eicosanoids

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18
Q

unsaturated fats

A

double covalent bonds, liquid and plant based

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19
Q

saturated fats

A

single covalent bond, solid and animal based

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20
Q

what causes LDL proteins

A

the excess consumption of saturated fats

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21
Q

good cholesterol

A

HDLs

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22
Q

bad cholesterol

A

LDLs, the excess cholesterol increases and the amount of plaque increases causing it to clog the arteries and prevent blood flow

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23
Q

phospholipids

A

glycerol bakcbone,2 fatty acid chain, and a phosphorous containing group

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24
Q

what receptors fo steriodogenic cells express?

A

LDL receptors because LDL binds to LDL receptors o the surface of steriodogenic cells and are taken in via receptor-mediated endocytosis

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25
Q

eicosanoids

A

cyclooxygenase produces prostaglandin

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26
Q

use of aspirin

A

asprin manages thromboembolic disorders because it inhibits cyclooxygenase. thromboxane mediated blood clot formation and aspirin combats these disorders which is why it’s used to prevent thrombi and emboli from forming

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27
Q

three major parts of a cell

A

plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

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28
Q

plasma membrane

A

boundary of cell

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29
Q

cytoplasm

A

interior of cell b/w membrane and nucleus

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30
Q

nucleus

A

contains genes which control activities in the cell

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31
Q

function of cholesterol in membrane

A

embedded in the tails of phospholipids (fatty acid tails), this stabilizes the unsaturated fats which stabilizes the membrane

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32
Q

integral proteins

A

important for movement of cells across the membrane

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33
Q

peripheral proteins

A

attached to the surface of integral proteins

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34
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

allows the transportation of specific substances along the membrane

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35
Q

membrane junctions

A

tight jucntions, desmosomes, gap junctions

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36
Q

tight junctions

A

impermeable junctions

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37
Q

desmosomes

A

anchoring junctions

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38
Q

gap junctions

A

communicating junctions

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39
Q

connexons

A

allow transfer of ions and small signaling molecules

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40
Q

linker proteins

A

are short amino acid sequences that separate mulitple domain in a single protein

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41
Q

membrane transport

A

active and passive processes

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42
Q

passive processes

A

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration

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43
Q

simple diffusion

A

small, nonpolar molecules pass through lipid bilayer of the membrane (hydrophobic)

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44
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

facilitated polar, hydrophobic substances that cannot cross the bilayer without carrier proteins (transports integral proteins)

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45
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water from low to high concentrations through a semipermeable membrane (aquaporins)

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46
Q

filtration

A

down pressure gradient (no ATP) (urine formation through kidneys)

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47
Q

tonicity

A

0.5 and 9 NaCl = isotonic
less than that = hypotonic (bursts)
more tha that = hypertonic (shrink)

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48
Q

active processes

A

active transport and vesicular transport (bulk transport)

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49
Q

active transport

A

movement from low to high concentration gradients (solute pumping) (Na/K pump) against gradient

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50
Q

vesicular transport

A

endocytosis and exocytosis

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51
Q

endocytosis

A

movement into cells (nutrients etc)

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52
Q

exocytosis

A

movement out of cells (protein secretion)

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53
Q

three types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

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54
Q

phagocytosis

A

moves solid particles from exterior into the cells

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55
Q

pinocytosis

A

movement of solutio into cels by enclosing the soution into escile (pinocytic vesicles)

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56
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

substance binds to specific receptors on the surface of the cell and are taken into the cell

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57
Q

mitochondria

A

powers plants

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58
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis

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59
Q

rough er

A

membrane factories

60
Q

smooth er

A

lipid and drug detoxification

61
Q

lysosomes

A

demolition crew

62
Q

peroxisomes

A

neutralize harmful free radicals

63
Q

golgi apparatus

A

traffic director

64
Q

protein secreting cells

A

rought er, golgi apparatus (strong presence of ribosomes)

65
Q

drug detox and steriod hormones

66
Q

cytoskeleton

A

microtubules: 25 nm
intermediate filaments: 10 nm
micofilaments: 7 nm

67
Q

structural different between cilia and flagella

A

cilia: slender, microscopic structure (short hair)
flagella: long hair-like structure that is complex

68
Q

functional differences between cilia and flagella

A

cilia are faster and more efficient and are more abundant
flagella have one strand and not as efficient (sperm)

69
Q

nucleus

A

nuclear membrane, nucleolus, nucleoli

70
Q

nucleosomes

A

make up chromatin

71
Q

fucntions of histone proteins

A

strcutural framework to support the delicate thread-like DNA to prevent twisting
regulate DNA

72
Q

euchromatin

A

DNA extended and comes off histone proteins, active for transcrition and DNA replication

73
Q

heterochromatin

A

DNA wrapped around histone proteins (inactive)

74
Q

cell cycle

A

G1: cell growth by hypertrophy
S: DNA replication in addition to cell growth (results in two DNA molecules)
G2: protein synthesis espeically of proteins required for all cell divison
cell divison: nuclear division (PMAT:prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) finished with cytokinesis to split into 2 cells

75
Q

hypertrophy

A

growth by increase of cell size

76
Q

hyperplasia

A

growth by increase of cell # via mitosis

77
Q

neoplasia

A

excessive rapid increase of abnormal cells

78
Q

transcription v replication

A

transcription: copy of DNA to to make an RNA molecule
replication: copy of DNA befoer cell divison

79
Q

coding strand

A

not used in transcription process

80
Q

DNA v RNA

A

DNA: double stranded molecule that is a long chain of nucleotides
RNA: single stranded molcule that is a short chain of nucleotides (cannot replicate itself)

81
Q

pre-mRNA v mRNA

A

pre: first product of the gene and contains both non-coding and coding sequences
mRNA: second product, only containing coding sequences

82
Q

triplet

A

3 base sequences in DNA

83
Q

codon

A

3 base sequences in mRNA

84
Q

anticodon

A

3 base sequences in RNA

85
Q

genetic code

A

mRNA is transcribed from a gene and is transcribed

86
Q

redundancy of genetic code

A

most amino acids are specified from one or more mRNA codon

87
Q

protein synthesis

A

translation and transcription

88
Q

RNA editing and splicing

A

the process of modifying RNA nucleotides to change the amino acids sequences. this involves editing specific nucleotides

89
Q

coding strand for DNA

A

non-template strand becase this sequence will remain the same as the new RNA mlcl

90
Q

four primary types of tissues

A

epithelial tissues: cover
CT: support
Muscle: movement
nervous; control

91
Q

two types of ET

A

simple and stratified

92
Q

mesothelium

A

double layered, lines the vertebral cavity (inside seroud membrane), simple squamos ET

93
Q

endothelium

A

lines the cardiovascular system, simples squamos ET

94
Q

respiratory ET

A

pseudostratified columnar ET, lines the structures in the respiratory system (ciliated)

95
Q

transitional ET

A

lining urinary system (allows urine to go through body’s surface)

96
Q

2 types of glandular ET

A

endocrine and exocrine glands

97
Q

endocrine glands

A

secreted hormones in extracellular fluid

98
Q

exocrine glands

A

secretes product into body’s surface

99
Q

subtypes of exocrine

A

structural and functional glands

100
Q

globet cells

A

secretes mucin that uses cilia to move the cell debris away and has a duct system

101
Q

simples multicellular exocrine glands

A

unbranched

102
Q

compound multicellular exocrine glands

103
Q

tubular multicellular excorine glands

A

secretory proteins, tube like

104
Q

alveolar multicellular exocrine glands

A

secretory proteins, flask like sacs

105
Q

tubuloalveolar multicellular exocrine glands

A

secretory proteins, tubes and flask like sacs

106
Q

fucntionsl classes of multicellular exocrine glands (secretion)

A

apocrine, merocrine, holocrine

107
Q

apocrine

A

the apex is pinched off and the product oozed into ducts

108
Q

merocrine

A

mae inside cells and enclosed inside vesicles, the. moved to plasma membrane and fused to it and products are released

109
Q

holocrine

A

the cells is not enclosed to the duct because they are too heacy to they rupture and are released into the cells

110
Q

secretion mode not used by glands in human body

111
Q

nonliving CT

A

extracellular matrix, has al three fibers

112
Q

living CT

A

cells that are derived from mesenchyme and prpduce tissue

113
Q

mesenchyme

A

where all living cells come from

114
Q

2 types of connective proper

A

loose and dense tissue

115
Q

dense tissue

A

also known as fibrous tissue because they are densely packed

116
Q

“packing material” of the body

A

areolar CT

117
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

runs in one direction and it’s found in tendons and ligaments

118
Q

dense irregular tissue

A

runs in different directions and resisits tension, highly vasuclarized and found under poorly vascularized tissue (dense regular CT)
found in ther dermis of skin and fibrous capsules in synovial membrane

119
Q

cell that secretes cartilage

A

chondroblasts

120
Q

pericondrium

A

dense irregular CT

121
Q

consistency of the matrix of cartilage

A

semi-solid matrix

122
Q

three types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

123
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

part of the embryonic skeleton, is articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate

124
Q

elastic cartilage

A

found in the pinna:ear) and epiglottis

125
Q

fibrocartilage

A

connected by intervertebral discs, found in joints

126
Q

what cell secretes bone tissue

A

osteoblasts

127
Q

4 classes of CT

A

fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondroblasts, hematopoietic

128
Q

bone tissue

A

solid matrix, osteiod is the organic matrix, hydrooxypatites are the inorganic matrix, once the organic matrix begins to grow, it’s invaded by the inorganic matrix and this is what causes the matrix to soldify)

129
Q

hematopoietic stem cells

A

secretes blood, fluid matrix is blood plasma

130
Q

blood and bone tissue relation

A

both made up of CT and this connects and supports other body parts, so they similar functions

131
Q

3 muscle tissues

A

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

132
Q

cardiac

A

has striations, uninucleate, undergoes involuntary control and found in walls of heart

133
Q

skeletal

A

multinucleated, voluntary control, striations, found in skeletal muscle attached to bones and skin

134
Q

smooth

A

involuntary control, no observable striations, walls of hollow organs

135
Q

involuntary control

A

cardiac and smooth

136
Q

striations

A

cardiac and skeletal

137
Q

glial cells

A

found in nervous tissue, provides with protection and insulaton

138
Q

neurons

A

in nervous tissue, waves of excitement

139
Q

mucous membranes

A

overlying: nonkeratinized stratified squamous ET
underlying tissue areolar tissuse

140
Q

serous membrane

A

overlying: simple squamous ET
underlying: areolar tissue

141
Q

synovial membrane

A

overlying: dense irregular CT
underlying: areolar CT

142
Q

mesothelium

A

simple squamous ET only in serous membrane

143
Q

lamina propia

A

areolar CT only in mucous membrane

144
Q

membrane regarding skin

A

cutaneous membrane

145
Q

membrane composed of 2 types of CT

A

cutaneous, muscous, serous

Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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