Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
a basic technique used to examine movement or for initiating movement into a program of therapeutic intervention
Range of Motion (ROM)
what do these factors influence?
surgical or traumatic insults
inactivity or immobilization
systemic joint/neurological/muscular diseases
ROM
what are ROM techniques used for?
maintaining joint & soft tissue mobility
minimizing loss of flexibility
preventing contracture formation
what are the 3 types of ROM?
PROM
AROM
AAROM
which type of ROM is produced by active contraction of a mm crossing a jt?
AROM
which type of ROM is produced by an external source?
PROM
which type of ROM is provided with assistance from a mechanical or manual outside force?
AAROM
which type of ROM would you use for an area with acute inflammation?
PROM
which type of ROM has the following goals?
- maintain physiological elasticity & contractibility of participating muscles
- provide sensory feedback
- provide stimulus for bones & joint tissue integrity
- increase circulation & prevent thrombus formations
- develop coordination & motor skills for functional activities
AROM
which type of ROM has the following goals?
- decrease complications that would occur with mobilization
- minimize effects of contracture formations
- maintain chemical elasticity of mm
- assist circulation & enhance cartilage nutrition
- decrease/inhibit pain
- assist in healing after injury or surgery
- help maintain pt awareness of movement
PROM
(PROM/AROM/AAROM) does NOT
prevent mm atrophy
increase strength or endurance
improve circulation the same as active mm contractions will
PROM
(PROM/AROM/AAROM) does NOT
maintain or increase strength for mm that are strong
develop skill or coordination (except in movement patterns that are used)
AROM
to improve performance of functional tasks by increasing strength, flexibility, & ROM is the philosophy of?
PNF (Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation)
PNF’s goal is to promote achievement of progressively higher levels of functional dependence in…?
bed mobility
transitional movements
sitting
standing
walking
name the 10 essential components of PNF
- manual contacts
- body position & body mechanics
- stretch
- manual resistance
- irradiation
- joint facilitation
- timing of movement
- patterns of movement
- visual cues
- verbal input
which essential component of PNF is this?
- stimulates pressure receptors
- provides info to pt about desired direction of movement
- placed on skin overlying target mm groups in the direction of desired movement
- lumbrical grip is used
manual contacts
which essential component of PNF is this?
- clinicians should be in line with movement
- resistance is created through the use of the clinician’s body weight
body position & body mechanics
which essential component of PNF is this?
- utilized to facilitate mm activity
- facilitates the mm that is elongated, synergistic mm at the same joint, & other associated mm
contraindications: joint hypermobility, fracture, pain
precaution: spasticity
stretch
which essential component of PNF is this?
- internal or external force that alters difficulty of moving
(internal) stiff, length, neurologic influences
(external) gravity, weight, manual forces - use of manual force will depend on whether the goal is mobility or stability
manual resistance
which essential component of PNF is this?
- neurophysiological
- spread of mm activity due to resistance
- overflow & reinforcement
irradiation
which essential component of PNF is this?
- stimulates joint receptors
- traction: elongation of body segment; used to facilitate motion & decrease pain
- approximation: promotes stability & WB
- these forces may be applied during performance of extremity patterns or superimposed on body positions
joint facilitation
which essential component of PNF is this?
- normal movement requires smooth sequencing & progression of mm activation
- most functional movement occur distal to proximal
- control of trunk & proximal extremity joints must be attained before the mastery of tasks that require precise movements of distal joints
timing of movement
which essential component of PNF is this?
- unique, synergistic diagonal patterns
- combination of motions occurring in 3 planes
patterns of movement
which essential component of PNF is this?
- eye movement influences head & body position
- feedback from visual system promotes stronger mm contraction & proper alignment
visual cues
which essential component of PNF is this?
- should be concise & provide a directional cue
- 3 phases: preparation, action, correction
- volume & tone should be used to promote desired response (relaxation & greater effort)
verbal input
which PNF technique is being described?
- focuses on MOBILITY
- addresses decreased ROM, decreased coordination, movement initiation, & muscle stiffness/hypertonicity
- sequential application of PROM, AROM, AAROM, & RROM
rhythmic initiation (RI)
which PNF technique is being described?
- focuses on MOBILITY
- addresses decreased active/passive joint mobility, hypertonicity & mm spasticity
- movement is applied in a rotational pattern
rhythmic rotation (RR)
which PNF technique is being described?
- focuses on MOBILITY
- addresses decreased PROM, pain, & hypertonicity
- use of isometric contractions, verbal cues, & active/passive stretches
- 4 step process
Hold Relax (HR)
which PNF technique is being described?
- focuses on MOBILITY
- addresses decreased PROM & decreased length of soft tissue
- use of isotonic & isometric contractions of short mm, verbal cues, & active/passive stretch
contract relax (CR)
which PNF technique is being described?
- focuses on STABILITY
- addresses decreased endurance, decreased ROM, poor coordination, & pain
- use of isometric contractions of agonist & antagonist mm groups are facilitated in an alternating manner
alternating isometrics (AI)
which PNF technique is being described?
- focuses on MOBILITY, CONTROLLED MOBILITY, & SKILL
- addresses decreased strength, decreased endurance, & poor balance
- smooth transitions between both directions of movement with use of resistance that matches the patient’s goals & abilities
slow reversal (SR)
which PNF technique is being described?
- focuses on STABILITY, CONTROLLED MOBILITY, & SKILL
- addresses decreased strength, decreased endurance, & poor balance
- at the end of range in each direction, a resisted isometric contraction is held
slow reversal hold (SRH)
which PNF technique is being described?
- focuses on CONTROLLED MOBILITY
- addresses decreased strength, poor coordination, & poor functional mobility
- concentric & eccentric contractions of agonist muscles
- 4 step process
agonist reversal (AR)
which PNF technique is being described?
- focuses on SKILL
- addresses decreased strength, decreased endurance, poor motor learning, & abnormal timing
- may be applied during crawling, creeping, or walking
resistive progression (RP)
the process that causes a PERMANENT change in motor performances as a result of practice or experience/////how an individual learns or modifies a motor task
motor learning
motor program
what are the 3 phases of motor learning?
cognitive phase
associative phase
autonomous phase
which stage of motor learning is being described?
- actively think about the goal & conditions
- learner tries different strategies to achieve movement goal
give clear & concise directions
stage 1: cognitive phase
which stage of motor learning is being described?
- refine & improve performance of skill
- emphasis shifts from “what to do” to “how to do”
- proprioceptive cues increasing important (“how does that feel?”)
- vary practice & environment
- reduce hands-on assist
- focus on learner’s active decision-making in modifying skills
stage 2: associative phase
which stage of motor learning is being described?
- skill becomes automatic because the learner doesn’t need to focus all of their attention on the motor skill
- minimal cognitive monitoring
- dual task training
stage 3: autonomous phase
which type of practice is being described?
amount of practice time is greater than amount of rest time
massed practice
which type of practice is being described?
amount of rest time is longer than the amount of practice time
distributed practice
which type of practice is being described?
occurs when the same task is repeated several times in a row
blocked practice
which type of practice is being described?
variety of tasks are practiced in a random order
random/mixed practice
which theory of motor learning is this?
- sensory info is funneled back to CNS for processing & control of motor behavior
- sensory feedback is used to produce accurate movements
Adam’s Closed Loop Theory
which theory of motor learning is this?
- concerned with how movements that can be carried out without feedback are learned
- relies on open-loop control element (motor program) to foster learning
Schmidt’s Schema Theory
what are critical elements involved in learning a new motor skill?
feedback & practice
the ability of the nervous system to change or adapt in response to internal & external demands
neuroplasticity
what are the 3 types of feedback?
knowledge of results
knowledge of performance
feedback schedules
which type of feedback is being described?
feedback about the end result or overall outcomes of the movement, especially in relation to the movement’s goals
(was the task accomplished?)
knowledge of results
which type of feedback is being described?
feedback about the nature or quality of the movement pattern produced
(how well was this done?)
knowledge of performance
which type of feedback is being described?
constant, summed, faded, delayed
feedback schedules
the conditions in the environment where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes & risk
SDOH (Social Detriments Of Health)
what are the 5 categories of SDOH?
economic stability
education access & quality
health care access & quality
neighborhood & built environment
social & community context
