Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards by Mariana Macias

Leeuwenhoek

“Father of microbiology”
Began making and using simple microscopes

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Linnaeus

Developed a taxonomic system for naming plants and animals

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Redi

When decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, maggots never developed

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Needham

His experiments with beef gravy infusions of plant material reinforced the idea that microbes could arise spontaneously

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Spallanzani

Contradicted that spontaneous generating of microorganisms doesn’t occur. All living things arise from other living things.

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Pasteur

Led to the development of pasteurization: process of heating liquids just enough to kill most bacteria. Began field of industrial microbiology; intentional use of microbes for manufacturing products.

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Koch and postulates

Demonstrated a bacterium causes anthrax. Causative agent must be in every diseased case.

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Snow

Infection control and epidemiology

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Jenner

Smallpox vaccine, field of immunology.

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Characteristics of bacteria + archaea

Lack nuclei
Unicellular
Reproduce asexually

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Characteristics of Fungi

Eukaryote
Cell walls
Multi + unicellular
Sexual + asexual reproduction

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Protozoa

Eukaryotes
Unicellular
Locomotion
Sexual + asexual reproduction

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Algae

Multi or unicellular
Photosynthetic

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Gram stain

Cell wall difference

Gram positive: thick wall stains purple
Gram negative: thin wall stains pink

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Prokaryotic characteristics

Lack nucleus
Lack internal structures bound with phospholipid membranes
Smaller

Bacteria and archaea

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Process of life

Growth
Reproduction
Responsiveness
Metabolism

Growth: increase size

Reproduction: increase number

Responsiveness: ability to react to external stimuli

Metabolism: controlled chemical reactions of organisms

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Eukaryotic characteristics

Have nucleus
Have membrane-bound organelles
Larger

Algae, Protozoa, fungi, plants, animals

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Glycocalyces

-capsule
-slime layer

Gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding outside of cell

Capsule: organized units of organic chemicals, firmly attached to surface, can prevent bacteria recognition

Slime layer: water-soluble, loosely attached to surface, allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces

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Flagella

For movement, composed of

filament
hook
basal body

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Fimbriae

Used by bacteria for attachment

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Pili

Type of fimbriae, for conjugation (transfers DNA)

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Cell walls

Gram +
Gram -

Provide structure and shape, made of peptidoglycan

Gram positive: thick containing teichoic and lipoteichoic acids, staining purple

Gram negative: thin containing LPS, staining pink

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Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes

Passive vs Active

Aka phospholipid bilayer composed of integral and peripheral proteins

Passive: no ATP
- Diffusion: molecules cross membrane
- Facilitated: molecules cross through channels or carrier proteins
- Osmosis: move down concentration
Hyper(more) Hypo(less)

Active: ATP

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Nitrogen Fixation

We can’t use nitrogen so bacteria turns it into Nitrobacter and Rhizobium

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What come from the endosymbiotic theory

Chloroplast and mitochondria

Bacterial cytosol

Liquid of cytoplasm, DNA held in nucleoid

Bacterial endospores Vegetative cells vs endospores

Formed by gram positive bacteria bacillus and clostridium Vegetative cell turns into endospore, endospore germinates into vegetative cell

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis

Colony

Single parent cell

Biofilm

Colonies Result of quorum sensing

Hami

Attach archaea to surfaces

Rough ER

Folds proteins

Smooth ER

Makes lipids

Golgi

Exocytosis secretion

Lysosomes

Contain catabolic enzymes

Peroxisomes

Neutralization of toxins

Mitochondria

ATP

Chloroplasts

Use light to make ATP

Centrosome

Role in mitosis, cytokinesis

Morphology cells

Cocci: circle Spirillum: worm Bacillus: pill

Binary fission

Identical daughter cells

Budding

Smaller daughter cell branches off

Archaea only characteristics

Lack peptidoglycan Not known to cause disease Extremophiles

Thermophiles

Require temperatures over 80oC

Halophiles

Extremely saline habitats Red or orange pigment

Methanogens

Largest group of archaea Produce methane

Cyanobacteria

Gram negative phototrophs Reduce nitrogen gas via nitrogen fixation

Mycoplasmas

Lack cells walls Smallest free-living cells

Listeria

Contaminates milk and meat Can reproduce under refrigeration

Lactobacillus

Grows in body, rarely causes diseases Used to produce milk and yogurt

Mycobacterium

Waxy outer layer Acid-fast stain Mycolic acid

Actinomycetes

Form branching filaments resembling fungi

Rhizobium

Nitrogen fixers Grow in association with roots of plants

Nitrobacter

Nitrifying bacteria

Caulobacter

Banana looking, uses prostheca to attach, lives in poor seawater and freshwater

Neisseria

Inhabits membranes of mammals causes meningitis

Bordetella

Causes pertussis

Methane oxidizers

Inhabit anaerobic environments Use methane as energy source

Bdellovibrio

Attacks gran negative bacteria

Myxobacteria

Gram negative Aerobic Soil dwelling bacteria

Spirochetes

Motile bacteria move in corkscrew motion

Two groups based on source of Carbon

Autotrophs Heterotrophs

Two groups based on source of energy

Chemotrophs Phototrophs

Obligate aerobes

Need oxygen

Obligate anaerobes

Oxygen deadly

Facultative anaerobes

Use oxygen if is any and have anaerobic methods of energy production

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Tolerate oxygen by having some of the enzymes that detoxify oxygens poisonous forms

Microaerophiles

Require oxygen levels 2-10%

Alkalinophiles

Live in alkaline soils and waters

Physical effects of water

Osmotic(tonicity) and hydrostatic(barophiles) pressure Water is important reactant in metabolic reactions

Pure cultures

Cells coming from a single Colony-forming unit Aseptic technique prevents contamination Isolation techniques: streak plates and pour plates

Different types of culture media

Complex Selective: enrichment culture and cold enrichment Differential Nutrient broth: liquid medium Agar: makes medium harden

Generation time Chemostat

Time required for bacterial cell to grow and divide Chemostat: can keep microbial in a set phase of growth

Effect temperature, water, and pH have on organisms

Disrupt proteins, cell membrane, DNA