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Microbio > Lecture Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

“Father of microbiology”
Began making and using simple microscopes

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2
Q

Linnaeus

A

Developed a taxonomic system for naming plants and animals

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3
Q

Redi

A

When decaying meat was kept isolated from flies, maggots never developed

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4
Q

Needham

A

His experiments with beef gravy infusions of plant material reinforced the idea that microbes could arise spontaneously

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5
Q

Spallanzani

A

Contradicted that spontaneous generating of microorganisms doesn’t occur. All living things arise from other living things.

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6
Q

Pasteur

A

Led to the development of pasteurization: process of heating liquids just enough to kill most bacteria. Began field of industrial microbiology; intentional use of microbes for manufacturing products.

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7
Q

Koch and postulates

A

Demonstrated a bacterium causes anthrax. Causative agent must be in every diseased case.

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8
Q

Snow

A

Infection control and epidemiology

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9
Q

Jenner

A

Smallpox vaccine, field of immunology.

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10
Q

Characteristics of bacteria + archaea

A

Lack nuclei
Unicellular
Reproduce asexually

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11
Q

Characteristics of Fungi

A

Eukaryote
Cell walls
Multi + unicellular
Sexual + asexual reproduction

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12
Q

Protozoa

A

Eukaryotes
Unicellular
Locomotion
Sexual + asexual reproduction

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13
Q

Algae

A

Multi or unicellular
Photosynthetic

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14
Q

Gram stain

A

Cell wall difference

Gram positive: thick wall stains purple
Gram negative: thin wall stains pink

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15
Q

Prokaryotic characteristics

A

Lack nucleus
Lack internal structures bound with phospholipid membranes
Smaller

Bacteria and archaea

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16
Q

Process of life

Growth
Reproduction
Responsiveness
Metabolism

A

Growth: increase size

Reproduction: increase number

Responsiveness: ability to react to external stimuli

Metabolism: controlled chemical reactions of organisms

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17
Q

Eukaryotic characteristics

A

Have nucleus
Have membrane-bound organelles
Larger

Algae, Protozoa, fungi, plants, animals

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18
Q

Glycocalyces

-capsule
-slime layer

A

Gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding outside of cell

Capsule: organized units of organic chemicals, firmly attached to surface, can prevent bacteria recognition

Slime layer: water-soluble, loosely attached to surface, allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces

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19
Q

Flagella

A

For movement, composed of

filament
hook
basal body

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20
Q

Fimbriae

A

Used by bacteria for attachment

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21
Q

Pili

A

Type of fimbriae, for conjugation (transfers DNA)

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22
Q

Cell walls

Gram +
Gram -

A

Provide structure and shape, made of peptidoglycan

Gram positive: thick containing teichoic and lipoteichoic acids, staining purple

Gram negative: thin containing LPS, staining pink

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23
Q

Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes

Passive vs Active

A

Aka phospholipid bilayer composed of integral and peripheral proteins

Passive: no ATP
- Diffusion: molecules cross membrane
- Facilitated: molecules cross through channels or carrier proteins
- Osmosis: move down concentration
Hyper(more) Hypo(less)

Active: ATP

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24
Q

Nitrogen Fixation

A

We can’t use nitrogen so bacteria turns it into Nitrobacter and Rhizobium

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25
Q

What come from the endosymbiotic theory

A

Chloroplast and mitochondria

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26
Q

Bacterial cytosol

A

Liquid of cytoplasm, DNA held in nucleoid

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27
Q

Bacterial endospores

Vegetative cells vs endospores

A

Formed by gram positive bacteria bacillus and clostridium

Vegetative cell turns into endospore, endospore germinates into vegetative cell

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28
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

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29
Q

Colony

A

Single parent cell

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30
Q

Biofilm

A

Colonies
Result of quorum sensing

31
Q

Hami

A

Attach archaea to surfaces

32
Q

Rough ER

A

Folds proteins

33
Q

Smooth ER

A

Makes lipids

34
Q

Golgi

A

Exocytosis secretion

35
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contain catabolic enzymes

36
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Neutralization of toxins

37
Q

Mitochondria

A

ATP

38
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Use light to make ATP

39
Q

Centrosome

A

Role in mitosis, cytokinesis

40
Q

Morphology cells

A

Cocci: circle
Spirillum: worm
Bacillus: pill

41
Q

Binary fission

A

Identical daughter cells

42
Q

Budding

A

Smaller daughter cell branches off

43
Q

Archaea only characteristics

A

Lack peptidoglycan
Not known to cause disease
Extremophiles

44
Q

Thermophiles

A

Require temperatures over 80oC

45
Q

Halophiles

A

Extremely saline habitats
Red or orange pigment

46
Q

Methanogens

A

Largest group of archaea
Produce methane

47
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Gram negative phototrophs
Reduce nitrogen gas via nitrogen fixation

48
Q

Mycoplasmas

A

Lack cells walls
Smallest free-living cells

49
Q

Listeria

A

Contaminates milk and meat
Can reproduce under refrigeration

50
Q

Lactobacillus

A

Grows in body, rarely causes diseases
Used to produce milk and yogurt

51
Q

Mycobacterium

A

Waxy outer layer
Acid-fast stain
Mycolic acid

52
Q

Actinomycetes

A

Form branching filaments resembling fungi

53
Q

Rhizobium

A

Nitrogen fixers
Grow in association with roots of plants

54
Q

Nitrobacter

A

Nitrifying bacteria

55
Q

Caulobacter

A

Banana looking, uses prostheca to attach, lives in poor seawater and freshwater

56
Q

Neisseria

A

Inhabits membranes of mammals causes meningitis

57
Q

Bordetella

A

Causes pertussis

58
Q

Methane oxidizers

A

Inhabit anaerobic environments
Use methane as energy source

59
Q

Bdellovibrio

A

Attacks gran negative bacteria

60
Q

Myxobacteria

A

Gram negative
Aerobic
Soil dwelling bacteria

61
Q

Spirochetes

A

Motile bacteria move in corkscrew motion

62
Q

Two groups based on source of Carbon

A

Autotrophs
Heterotrophs

63
Q

Two groups based on source of energy

A

Chemotrophs
Phototrophs

64
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Need oxygen

65
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Oxygen deadly

66
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Use oxygen if is any and have anaerobic methods of energy production

67
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Tolerate oxygen by having some of the enzymes that detoxify oxygens poisonous forms

68
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Require oxygen levels 2-10%

69
Q

Alkalinophiles

A

Live in alkaline soils and waters

70
Q

Physical effects of water

A

Osmotic(tonicity) and hydrostatic(barophiles) pressure

Water is important reactant in metabolic reactions

71
Q

Pure cultures

A

Cells coming from a single Colony-forming unit

Aseptic technique prevents contamination

Isolation techniques: streak plates and pour plates

72
Q

Different types of culture media

A

Complex
Selective: enrichment culture and cold enrichment
Differential

Nutrient broth: liquid medium
Agar: makes medium harden

73
Q

Generation time

Chemostat

A

Time required for bacterial cell to grow and divide

Chemostat: can keep microbial in a set phase of growth

74
Q

Effect temperature, water, and pH have on organisms

A

Disrupt proteins, cell membrane, DNA

Microbio (5 decks)

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