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Anatomy Chapter 1 > Lecture: Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture: Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

study of the STRUCTURE of the body

A

anatomy

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2
Q

the study of tissues

A

histology

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3
Q

what type of macroscopic anatomy are we focusing on?

A

systemic

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4
Q

what are the major organs in the integumentary system?

A

skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails

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5
Q

what are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

protects against the environment, helps regulate body temp, and provides sensory information

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6
Q

what are the major organs of the skeletal system?

A

bones, cartilages, associated ligaments, and bone marrow

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7
Q

what are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

provides support and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and other minerals, and forms blood cells

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8
Q

what are the major organs of the endocrine system?

A

pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, and endocrine tissues

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9
Q

what are the functions of the endocrine system?

A

directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems, adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body, and controls many structural and functional changes during development

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10
Q

what are the major organs of the lymphatic system?

A

spleen thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and tonsils

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11
Q

what are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the blood stream, synthesizes vitamin D, and responsible for initiation of the immune system

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12
Q

what are the major organs of the digestive system?

A

teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, large intestine, gallbladder, and pancreas

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13
Q

what are the functions of the digestive system?

A

processes and digests food, absorbs and conserves water, absorbs nutrients, and stores energy reserves

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14
Q

what are the major organs of the male reproductive system?

A

testes, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis, and scrotum

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15
Q

what are the functions of the male reproductive system?

A

produces male sex cells (sperm) and hormones

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16
Q

what are the major organs in the muscular system?

A

skeletal muscles and associated tendons

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17
Q

what are the functions of the muscular system?

A

provides movement, provides protection and support for other tissues, and generates heat that maintains body temperature

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18
Q

what are the major organs of the nervous system?

A

brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and sense organs

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19
Q

what are the functions of the nervous system?

A

directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems, and provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

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20
Q

what are the major organs of the cardiovascular system?

A

heart, blood, and blood vessels

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21
Q

what are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials, distributes heat and assists in the control of body temperature, and distributes hormones, nutrients, and gases; picks up waste products

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22
Q

what are the major organs of the respiratory system?

A

nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, lungs, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli

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23
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

delivers air to the alveoli, provides oxygen to the bloodstream, removes co2 from the bloodstream, and produces sounds for communication

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24
Q

what are the major organs of the urinary system?

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

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25
Q

what are the functions of the urinary system?

A

excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating the volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, regulates blood ion concentrations and pH, and filters the blood

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26
Q

what are the major organs of the female reproductive system?

A

ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, and mammary glands

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27
Q

what are the functions of the female reproductive system?

A

produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones, supports developing embryo from conception to delivery, and provides milk to nourish newborn infant

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28
Q

cavities surround lungs

A

pleural

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29
Q

space between lungs

A

mediastinum

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30
Q

cavity within the mediastinum and surrounds the heart

A

pericardial

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31
Q

layer attached to (lines) cavity wall

A

parietal

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32
Q

layer attached to (directly covers) organ

A

visceral

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33
Q

the primary method of obtaining a clinical image of a body part for diagnostic purposes

A

radiography

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34
Q

can pass through soft tissues, but are absorbed by dense tissues, including bone, teeth, and tumors

A

x-ray

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35
Q

what is the second most widely used imaging method?

A

ultrasound

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36
Q

can visualize most organ systems and is frequently used in the ER to determine if someone has experienced internal bleeding; shows the location of the placenta and helps evaluate fetal age, position, and development

A

ultrasound

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37
Q

a modified three-dimensional x-ray technique used primarily to view blood vessels; involves taking radiographs prior to and after injecting an opaque contrast dye into the blood vessel

A

digital subtraction angiography

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38
Q

useful in identifying tumors, aneurysms, kidney stones, cerebral hemorrhages, and other abnormalities

A

computed tomography (CT)

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39
Q

better than a CT scan for distinguishing between soft tissues, such as the white and gray matter of the nervous system; developed as a non-invasive technique to visualize soft tissues

A

MRI

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40
Q

provide the means to map brain function based upon local oxygen concentration differences in blood flow

A

fMRI

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41
Q

used both to analyze the metabolic state of tissue at a given moment in time and to determine which tissues are most active; used to detect whether certain cancers have metastasized throughout the body

A

position emission tomography (PET)

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42
Q

hypothetical or imaginary flat surface that passes through the body

A

plane (axis)

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43
Q

divides the body into a top (superior) and bottom (inferior) portion

A

transverse (or horizontal) plane

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44
Q

divides the body into a front (anterior) and a back (posterior) side

A

frontal or coronal plane

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45
Q

divides the body into a left and right portion

A

sagittal plane

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46
Q

runs directly down the midline

A

midsaggital plane

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47
Q

a plane that is any type of angle other than horizontal or vertical angle

A

oblique plane

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48
Q

slice parallel to an axis

A

section

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49
Q

in front of; toward the front surface

A

anterior

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50
Q

in back of; toward the back surface

A

posterior

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51
Q

closer to the head

A

superior

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52
Q

inferior

A

closer to the feet

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53
Q

at the head end

A

cranial (cephalic)

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54
Q

toward the midline of the body

A

medial

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55
Q

away from the midline of the body

A

lateral

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56
Q

on the inside, internal to another structure

A

deep

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57
Q

furthest from point of attachment to trunk

A

distal

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58
Q

toward the belly side of the human body

A

ventral

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59
Q

toward the back side of the human body

A

dorsal

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60
Q

toward the nose or mouth

A

rostral

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61
Q

at the rear or tail end

A

caudal

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62
Q

on the same side

A

ipsilateral

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63
Q

on the opposite side

A

contralateral

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64
Q

on the outside, external to another structure

A

superficial

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65
Q

closest to the point of attachment to trunk

A

proximal

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66
Q

a group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function

A

tissues

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67
Q

cover surfaces, line spaces/passageways, form glands; many subtypes, classified by shape of cells and layering of cells

A

epithelial tissues

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68
Q

fill internal spaces, support other tissues, transport materials, and store lipids; widely varied subtypes, classified by physical properties

A

connective tissues

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69
Q

in skeletal muscles, the heart, and walls of various hollow/tubular organs

A

muscle tissues

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70
Q

in brain, spinal cord, and nerves

A

neural tissues

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71
Q

what are the functions of epithelial tissues?

A

cover surfaces of the body, line various spaces and passageways of the body, line hollow organs, line body cavities, line tubes of various types, form protective barriers, control permeability, and produce specialized secretion

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72
Q

what are the characteristics of epithelial cells?

A

composed mostly of tightly-packed cells, attachment between cells and to a common base also known as the basement membrane, cells may be specialized for certain functions, exhibit polarity, avascular, and can regenerate

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73
Q

one layer of cells all in direct contact with basement membrane

A

simple epithelium

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74
Q

single layer of thin, flat irregularly shaped cells resembling floor tiles; the single nucleus of each cell bulges at its center

A

simple squamous

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75
Q

what are the functions of simple squamous epithelial tissue?

A

rapid diffusion, filtration, and some secretion in serous membranes

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76
Q

where are simple squamous epithelial tissues located?

A

amnion, inner layer of membrane around the embryo; air sacs in lungs; lining of heart chambers and lumen of blood vessels; serous membranes of body cavities

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77
Q

a single layer of cells about as tall as they are wide; spherical, centrally located nucleus

A

simple cuboidal

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78
Q

what are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelial tissues?

A

absorption and secretion

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79
Q

where are simple cuboidal epithelial tissues located?

A

kidney tubules; thyroid gland follicles; ducts and secretory regions of most glands; surface of ovary

80
Q

a single layer of tall, narrow cells; oval-shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in the basal region of the cell; apical regions of cells have microvilli; may contain goblet cells that secrete mucin

A

non-ciliated simple columnar

81
Q

what are the functions of non-ciliated simple columnar epithelial tissues?

A

absorption and secretion; secretion of mucin

82
Q

where are non-ciliated simple columnar epithelial tissues located?

A

the lining of most of the digestive tract; the lining of the stomach does not contain goblet cells

83
Q

a single layer of tall, narrow, ciliated cells; oval-shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in the basal region of the cell; goblet cells may be present

A

ciliated simple columnar

84
Q

what are the functions of ciliated simple columnar epithelial tissues?

A

secrection of mucin and movement of mucus along apical surface of epithelium by action of cilia; oocyte movement through uterine tube

85
Q

where are ciliated simple columnar epithelial tissues located?

A

lining of uterine tubes and larger bronchioles of respiratory tract

86
Q

a single layer of cells with varying heights that appears multilayered; all cells connect to the basement membrane, but not all cells reach the apical surface. the ciliated form has goblet cells and cilia; the non-ciliated form lacks goblet cells and cilia

A

pseudostratified columnar

87
Q

what are the functions of pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissues?

A

protection; ciliated form also involved in secretion of mucin and movement of mucus across surface by ciliary action

88
Q

where are pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissues located?

A

ciliated form lines most of the respiratory tract, including the nasal cavity, part of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. Non-ciliated form is rare, lines epididymis and part of male urethra

89
Q

two or more layers of cells, only deepest cell layer in direct contact with basement membrane

A

stratified epithelium

90
Q

multiple layers of cells; basal cells typically are cuboidal or polyhedral, whereas apical (superficial) cells are squamous; move superficial cells are dead and filled with the protein keratin

A

keratinized stratified squamous

91
Q

what is the function of keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissues?

A

protection of underlying tissue

92
Q

where are keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissues located?

A

epidermis of skin

93
Q

multiple layers of cells; basal cells typically are cuboidal or polyhedral, whereas apical cells are squamous; surface cells are alive and kept moist

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous

94
Q

what is the function of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissues?

A

protection of underlying tissue

95
Q

where are nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissues located?

A

lining of vagina, oral cavity, part of pharynx, esophagus, and anus

96
Q

two or more layers of cells; cells at the apical surface are cuboidal

A

stratified cuboidal

97
Q

what is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelial tissues?

A

protection and secretion

98
Q

where are stratified cuboidal epithelial tissues located?

A

found in large ducts in most exocrine glands and in some parts of the male urethra

99
Q

two or more layers of cells; cells at the apical surface are columnar

A

stratified columnar

100
Q

what is the function of stratified columnar epithelial tissues?

A

protection and secretion

101
Q

where are stratified columnar epithelial tissues located?

A

rare; found in some regions of the male urethra and large ducts of some exocrine glands

102
Q

epithelial appearance varies, depending on whether the tissue is stretched or relaxed; the shape of cells at apical surface; some cells may be binucleated

A

transitional

103
Q

what are the functions of transitional epithelial tissues?

A

distension and relaxation to accommodate urine volume changes in bladder, ureters, and urethra

104
Q

where are transitional epithelial tissues located?

A

lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

105
Q

collection of epithelial cells that produce a secretion

A

gland

106
Q

release secretion into internal fluids (no ducts used)

A

endocrine

107
Q

release secretion via ducts (tubular passageways) onto the surface of an epithelial tissue

A

exocrine

108
Q

watery secretion (sweat)

A

serous gland

109
Q

thick, slimy secretion (contains mucin protein)

A

mucous gland

110
Q

both serous and mucous secretion (saliva)

A

mixed gland

111
Q

unicellular glands, scattered among the cells of various epithelial tissues (simple columnar, pseudostratified ciliated columnar, etc.)

A

goblet cells

112
Q

what are the functions of connective tissues?

A

fill internal spaces, support other tissues, transport materials, and store lipids

113
Q

what are the common factors of connective tissues?

A

each type has its on collection of specialized cells, have extra-cellular protein fibers, and the cells and proteins are immersed in a substance produced by the cells themselves

114
Q

ground substance + protein fibers

A

matrix

115
Q

connect other tissues together, protect organs, store lipids; found all over the body around blood vessels, around nerves, on top of and around the abdominal organs, between skin and muscle, etc.)

A

connective tissues proper

116
Q

mostly protein fibers (little ground substance), tough

A

dense tissues

117
Q

densely packed collagen fibers are parallel to the direction of stress

A

dense regular

118
Q

what is the function of dense regular connective tissues?

A

provides great strength and flexibility primarily in a single direction

119
Q

where are dense regular connective tissues located?

A

tendons and ligaments

120
Q

densely packed collagen fibers are interwoven; fibers are irregularly clumped together and project in all directions

A

dense irregular

121
Q

what is the function of dense irregular connective tissues?

A

provides tensile strength in all directions

122
Q

where are dense irregular connective tissues located?

A

dermis of skin; capsules of organs

123
Q

elastic and collagen fibers are arranged irregularly

A

elastic connective tissue

124
Q

what are the functions of elastic connective tissue?

A

provides framework and supports organs

125
Q

where are elastic connective tissues located?

A

walls of large arteries; elastic connections of vertebral spinous processes

126
Q

maintain and repair extracellular matrix; store materials

A

resident cells

127
Q

abundant, large, relatively flat cells, often with tapered ends

A

fibroblasts

128
Q

what is the function of fibroblasts?

A

produce fibers and ground substance of the extracellular matrix

129
Q

fat cells with a single large lipid droplet; cellular components pushed to one side

A

adipocytes

130
Q

what is the function of adipocytes?

A

store lipid reserves

131
Q

large cells derived from monocytes in the blood; reside in the extracellular matrix after leaving the blood

A

fixed macrophages

132
Q

what is the function of fixed macrophages?

A

phagocytize foreign materials

133
Q

stellate or spindle-shaped embryonic stem stells

A

mesenchymal cells

134
Q

what is the function of mesenchymal cells?

A

divide in response to injury to produce new connective tissue cells

135
Q

repair damaged extra-cellular matrix; active in immune response

A

wandering cells

136
Q

small cells with a granule-filled cytoplasm

A

mast cells

137
Q

what is the function of mast cells?

A

release histamine and heparin to stimulate local inflammation

138
Q

small cells with a distinct nucleus derived from activated B-lymphocytes

A

plasma cells

139
Q

what is the function of plasma cells?

A

form antibodies that bind to foreign substances, bacteria, viruses

140
Q

mobile phagocytic cells formed from monocytes of the blood

A

free macrophages

141
Q

what is the function of free macrophages?

A

phagocytize foreign materials

142
Q

white blood cells that enter connective tissue

A

other leukocytes

143
Q

what is the function of other leukocytes?

A

attack foreign materials (lymphocytes) or directly combat bacteria (neutrophils)

144
Q

relatively fewer cells and fibers than in dense connective tissue; fibers are loosely arranged; ground substance=thick, syrupy, gooey, semi-fluid

A

loose tissues

145
Q

contains multiple types of protein fibers scattered throughout; collagen, elastin, reticular

A

areolar

146
Q

what is the function of areolar tissue?

A

packs around and binds organs

147
Q

where are areolar tissues located?

A

surrounding nerves, vessels; subcutaneous layer

148
Q

layer between skin and underlying muscle

A

subcutaneous layer

149
Q

consists mostly of fat cells (adipocytes) with very little or no ground substance or protein fibers

A

adipose

150
Q

what is the function of adipose tissue?

A

protects; stores fat; insulates; used for energy storage

151
Q

where are adipose tissues located?

A

used as a cushioning material around organs; subcutaneous layer; kidney/other organs

152
Q

most superficial layer of epidermis; 20-30 layers of dead, flattened, anueleate, keratin-filled keratinocytes

A

stratum corneum

153
Q

2-3 layers of anucleate, dead keratinocytes; seen only in thick skin

A

stratum lucindum

154
Q

3-5 layers of keratinocytes with distinct granules in the cytoplasm: keratinization begins in this layer

A

stratum granulosum

155
Q

several layers of keratinocytes attached to neighbors by desmosomes; epidermal dendritic cells present

A

stratum spinosum

156
Q

deepest, single layer of cuboidal to low columnar keratinocytes in contact with the basement membrane; mitosis occurs here; also contains melanocytes and tactile cells

A

stratum basale

157
Q

superficial layer of the dermis that is in contact with epidermis; composed of areolar connective tissue; forms dermal papillae

A

papillary layer

158
Q

deeper layer of the dermis; dense irregular connective tissue surrounding blood vessels, hair follicles, nerves, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

A

reticular layer

159
Q

not part of the integument; deep to dermis; composed of areolar connective tissue and adipose connective tissue

A

subcutaneous layer

160
Q

what part of the epidermis are nails, hair, and exocrine glands derived from?

A

epithelium

161
Q

scalelike modifications of the stratum corneum layer of the epidermis

A

nails

162
Q

the whitish semi lunar area of the proximal end of the nail body

A

lunula

163
Q

folds of skin that overlap the nail

A

nail folds

164
Q

a narrow band of epidermis extending from the margin of the nail wall onto the nail body

A

eponychium (cuticle)

165
Q

a region of thickened stratum corneum over which the free nail edge projects

A

hyponychium

166
Q

what are the three kinds of hair we produce?

A

lanugo, vellus, and terminal hair

167
Q

a fine, unpigmented, downy hair that first appears on the fetus in the second trimester of development

A

lanugo hair

168
Q

fine, unpigmented or lightly pigmented

A

vellus hair

169
Q

coarse, pigmented, and longer

A

terminal hair

170
Q

consists of epithelial cells and is a swelling at the base where the hair originates in the dermis; consists of living epithelial cells

A

hair bulb

171
Q

composed of a small amount of connective tissue containing tiny blood vessels and nerves

A

hair papillia

172
Q

portion of the hair deep to the skin surface; dead epithelial cells

A

root

173
Q

portion of the hair that extends beyond the skin’s surface; dead epithelial cells

A

shaft

174
Q

not found in all hair types; a remnant of the soft core of the matrix

A

medulla

175
Q

an oblique tube that surrounds the root hair

A

hair follicle

176
Q

extends from the dermal papillae to the mid-region of the hair follicles are twin ribbons of smooth muscle

A

arrector pili muscles

177
Q

the active phase of growth where living cells of the hair bulb are rapidly growing, dividing, and transforming into hair; 18 months- 7 years

A

anagen phase

178
Q

a brief regression period where cell division ceases; 3-4 weeks

A

catagen phase

179
Q

the resting phase and is usually the phase where hair is shed; 3-4 months

A

telogen phase

180
Q

hair is white, skin is pale, irises of eyes are pink; caused by lack of melanin production

A

albinism

181
Q

skin appears golden-brown, copper, or bronze in color; caused by glucocorticoid deficiency in the adrenal cortex; Addison disease

A

bronzing

182
Q

skin appears bluish as a result of oxygen deficiency in circulating blood; caused by airway obstruction, emphysema, or respiratory arrest

A

cyanosis

183
Q

skin appears abnormally red; caused by exercise, sunburn, excess heat, or emotions resulting in increased blood flow in dilated blood vessels in the dermis

A

erythema

184
Q

a bruise is observable through the skin; caused by trauma; also may be indicative of hemophilia or a nutritional or metabolic disorder

A

hematoma

185
Q

skin and sclera appear yellowish; caused by elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood; often occurs when normal liver function is disrupted

A

jaundice

186
Q

skin appears ashen, pale due to white collagen fibers housed within the dermis; caused by decreased blood flow to the skin; occurs as a result of low blood pressure, cold temperature, emotional stress, severe anemia, or circulatory shock

A

pallor

187
Q

what are the functions of the skin?

A

protection, prevention of water loss and gain, temperature regulation, metabolic regulation, immune defense, sensory reception, and secretion

188
Q

what are the functions of cartilage?

A

supporting tissues, provides a gliding surface at articulations, and provides a model for the formation of most bones in the body

189
Q

what are the functions of bone?

A

support and protection and movement

190
Q

located in spongy bone; contains stem cells that form all blood cells and platelets; in children located in the spongy bone and medullary cavity; in adults located in axial skeleton, hip bones, and proximal ends of humerus and femur

A

red bone marrow

191
Q

degenerate red bone marrow transformed into fatty tissue

A

yellow bone marrow

192
Q

produce viscous, complex secretion: secretion influenced by hormones; located in axillary, anal, areolar, and pubic regions

A

apocrine sweat glands

193
Q

produce nonviscous, watery secretion; controlled by nervous system; provide some antibacterial protection; function in thermoregulation and excretion; flush surface of epidermis; distributed throughout body, except external genitalia, nipples, and lips; especially prevalent on palms, soles, and forehead

A

merocrine sweat glands

194
Q

produce lipid material called sebum, which coats epidermis and shaft of hair; provide lubrication and antibacterial activity; associated with hair follicles

A

sebaceous glands

195
Q

cerumen; external acoustic meatus

A

ceruminous glands

Anatomy Chapter 1 (2 decks)

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