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Anat 1 > Lecture exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

study of the structure of the human body

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2
Q

Physiology

A

study of the body function

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3
Q

Gross anatomy

A

study of body structure that can be examined by naked eye

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4
Q

Integumentary system

A

forms of the external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptor(pain, pressure) sweat and oil glands

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5
Q

Skeletal System

A

protects and supports body organs and provides framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones

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6
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Allows manipulation of the environment locomotion and facial expression. Maintains posture and produces heat

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7
Q

Nervous System

A

As the fast acting control of the body it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

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8
Q

Endocrine System

A

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

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9
Q

Cardiovascular System

A

Blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients wastes, heart pumps blood

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10
Q

Lymphatic(Immune) system

A

Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses WBC (lymphocytes)involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body

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11
Q

Respiratory System

A

keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide . the gasseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

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12
Q

Digestive System

A

Breaks down food into absolute units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells . indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces

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13
Q

Urinary system

A

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water from the body. Electrolytes and acid base balance of the food.

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14
Q

Male Reproductive system

A

Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, male ducts and glands in delivery of sperm to female reproductive tract.

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15
Q

Female reproductive system

A

Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones, the remaining structures serves as sites for fertilization and development of fetus.

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16
Q

Hepatomegaly

A

Abnormal enlargement of the liver

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17
Q

Pericarditis

A

Inflammation of the pericardium

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18
Q

Nephritis

A

inflammation of nephrons, aka glumeronephritis

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19
Q

Pathology

A

the study of the causes and effects of disease or injury.

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20
Q

Sagital

A

extends vertically and divides body into left and right

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21
Q

Frontal/Coronal

A

extends vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior

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22
Q

Transverse plane

A

runs horizontally from right to left, dividing body into superior and inferior parts

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23
Q

Superior (cranial)

A

toward the head ;above

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24
Q

Inferior caudal

A

away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body

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25
Q

Medial

A

Toward or at the midline; on the inside

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26
Q

Lateral

A

away from the midline; on the outer side

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27
Q

proximal

A

closer to the origin of the body; or point of attachment

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28
Q

distal

A

farther from the origin of the body;or point of attachment

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29
Q

Ipsilateral

A

on the same side

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30
Q

Contralateral

A

on the opposite side

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31
Q

Anterior (ventral)

A

in front of or towards or at the front of body

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32
Q

Posterior (Dorsal)

A

toward or at the back of the body; behind

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33
Q

Superficial (external)

A

toward or at the body surface

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34
Q

Deep (internal)

A

away from the body surface; more internal

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35
Q

Dorsal body Cavity

A

Cranial and Vertebral Cavity

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36
Q

Ventral Body Cavity

A

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

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37
Q

Plasma membrane

A

membrane made of double layer of lipids embedded with proteins - serves as an external cell barrier, acts in transport of substances into or out of cell

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38
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cellular region between the nuclear and plasma membranes (contains most organelles)

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39
Q

Ribosomes

A

dense particle consisting of two subunits each composed of ribosomal RNA - site of protein synthesis

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40
Q

Rough endoplasmic Reticulum

A

membrane system of sacs and tubules externally studded with ribosomes- makes protein

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41
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Membranous system of sacs close to nucleus site of lipid and hormone synthesis

42
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

a stack of smooth membrane sacs close to nucleus -packaging and shipping proteins

43
Q

Lysosomes

A

membranous sacs containing acid Hydrolases- site of intracellular digestion (disposing)

44
Q

Mitochondria

A

Rodlike, double membrane structure- (Produce energy) site of ATP powerhouse of the cell - contain DNA

45
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Membranous sacs of oxidase enzymes - detoxify / breaks down hydrogen peroxide

46
Q

Microfilaments

A

fine fillaments of the contractile protein actin- involved in muscle contraction and other intracelullar movement

47
Q

Nucleus

A

control cell activity

48
Q

Simple diffusion

A

(Passive transport) small uncharged molecules such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and fat soluble molecules pass freely through the lipid bilayer

49
Q

osmosis

A

(Passive transport) the diffusion of water molecules across membrane

50
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

(Passive transport) molecules move down their concentration gradient diffusing through the plasma membrane

51
Q

Endocytosis

A

particles enter cells

52
Q

Phagocytosis

A

(active Transport) cell eating

53
Q

Pinocytosis

A

(Active Transport) Cell drinking

54
Q

Receptor mediated Endocytosis

A

(Active transport) extracellular substance bind to specific receptor proteins

55
Q

Integral proteins vs peripheral proteins

A

integral proteins are embedded in the whole phospholipid bilayer, whereas peripheral proteins are located either on the inner or outer surface of the phospholipid bilayer

56
Q

Function of Cholesterol in plasma membrane

A

Help give the cell membrane extra support

57
Q

Glycolax

A

A thick outer covering of the plasma membrane, composed of strands of sugars (carbohydrates) and proteins bound together. (Glycoprotein complex)

58
Q

Major type of membrane transport

A

Active and Passive transport

59
Q

Active Transport

A

movement of materials against a concentration gradient(low concentration⇒high concentration) by using ATP

60
Q

Cytosol

A

Jelly-like fluid in which other cellular elements are suspended- consists of water ions and enzymes

61
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

elaborate network of rods, gives cell shape, support and movement ; Microtubules( cylyndrical made of tubulin proteins
Microfilaments( made of actin)
Intermediate filaments—protein fibers (laminin, keratin

62
Q

Ribosomes are assembled in which nuclear structure?

A

Nucleolus

63
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

This area of the cell surrounds the nucleus and regulates passage of substances to and from the nucleus

64
Q

DNA

A

Composed of nucleotides and nitrogenous base (adenine, thyamine, guanine and cytosine )

65
Q

Chromatin is formed by..

A

DNA and protein (Histones)

66
Q

Extended Chromatin

A

Is the active region of DNA where DNA’s genetic code is copied onto mRNA in transcription

67
Q

Condensed Chromatin

A

tightly coiled nucleosomes, inactive form of chromatin

68
Q

What are the components of Nucleotide?

A

a nitrogenous base:a five-carbon sugar molecule,a phosphate molecule

69
Q

A human being has ___ autosomes and __ sex chromosomes

A

22 autosones and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

70
Q

Name nitrogenous waste of RNA …

A

A, Uracil, C, G

71
Q

Interphase

A

G1- Growth phase , cell grows larger and copies organells
Synthetic phase- DNA replicates itself
G2- Centrioles finish copying themselves; enzymes needed for cell division are synthesized

72
Q

Mitosis

A

division of the nucleus during cell division•

Chromosomes are distributed to the two daughter nuclei

73
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm•Occurs after the nucleus divides

completes the division of the cell into two daughter cells

74
Q

Prophase

A

Longest stage of Mitosis, chromatin threads condense into chromosomes

75
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell

76
Q

Anaphase

A

shortest stage of mitosis -Centromeres of chromosomes split

77
Q

Telophase

A

begins as chromosomal movement stops- Chromosomes at opposite poles of the cell uncoil, a new nuclear membrane folds

78
Q

Tissue

A

A group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure

79
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

covers a body surface or lines a body cavity

80
Q

Functions of Epithelial tissue..

A
  1. protection 2. secretion. 3. absorption 4. diffusion 5. Filtration 6. sensory perception
81
Q

Cellularity

A

Special characteristic of Epithelia- Cells separated by minimal extracellular materia

82
Q

Specialized contacts

A

Special characteristic of Epithelia-Cells joined by special junctions

83
Q

Polarity

A

Special characteristic of Epithelia-Cell regions of the apical surface differ from the basal surface

84
Q

Avascular but innervated

A

Special characteristic of Epithelia-Epithelia receive nutrients from underlying connective tissue

85
Q

Regeneration

A

Special characteristic of Epithelia- Lost cells are quickly replaced by cell division

86
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

flat single layered cells, Allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; produces lubricating fluid in serosae-
found in air sacs of lungs , kidney glomeruli

87
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

single layer of cube like cells -Function:Secretion and absorption , found in kidney tubules , ducts and secretory portions

88
Q

Simple columnar Epithelium

A

single layer of cells of tall cells - aborbs and secretes, -non ciliated type line, mostly found in digestive tract , stomach to anal canal

89
Q

Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

single layer of cell of different heights , ciliated variety lines the trachea, non ciliated type in males sperm carrying ducts

90
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

several layers, Protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion.Location:Nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina; keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane.

91
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A

two layered of cubelike cells, protect, found in mamarry glands and sweat glands and salivary glands

92
Q

stratified columnar epithelium

A

several layered; usually cuboidal superficial cells elongated, protection and secretion (Rare tissue type) Found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands (salivary gland)

93
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

characteristics of stratified cuboidal and colmnar; permits distension of urinary organs when they are filled with urine

94
Q

Cilia

A

occur in the columnar epithelium cells of respiratory and uterine ; arise from basal granules; MOTILE, occur in fewer numbers

95
Q

Microvilli

A

occur in columnar epithelium of small intestine and kidney tubules ; NON-MOTILE; numerous

96
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Ducts carry products of exocrine glandsto epithelial surface- 1.mucous secreting glands, 2. sweat and oil glands 3. salivary glands 4. liver and pancreas

97
Q

Goblet cell

A

Unicellular exocrine gland; produces mucin - protect and lubricates many body surfaces

98
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands

A

Epithelium wall duct; secretory unit

Simple(unbranched duct) / Compound (branched)

99
Q

Tubular Exocrine Glands

A

secretory cells form small tubes (gastric glands, intestinal glands)

100
Q

Alveolar Exocrine Glands

A

secretory cells form small sacs (sebaceous or oil glands)

101
Q

Tubuloalveolar Exocrine Glands

A

(both tubular & alveolar secretory units) (salivary glands)

102
Q

Connective Tissue

A

most diverse and abundant tissue ;Form basis of the skeleton Store and carry nutrients.Surround blood vessels and nerves.Lead fight against infection

Anat 1 (12 decks)

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