Lecture: Cognition Flashcards
what is perception?
the integration of sensory inputs into meaningful information
what is cognition?
ability to process, sort, retrieve and manipulate information
what factors influence the relationship between a physiological lesion in the brain and the result on the patient psychologically?
- size and depth of lesion
- if there is a combination of deficits
- if the lesion is unilateral or bilateral
- some functions cannot be topographically limited.
what type of clientele may have a cognitive element to their condition?
- acquired brain injury (caused by TBIs, infections, CVAs, aneurysms, tumours, hypoxia, anoxia…)
- psychiatric disorders
- genetic/developmental disorders
- senile dementia & Alzheimer’s disease
what are the three most common emotional-behavioural difficulties following acquired brain injuries?
- apathy
- depression
- anxiety
ABIs can be focal or diffuse. Which types are often diffuse?
hypoxia, anoxia…
what would be considered a mild TBI on the glasgow coma scale?
13-15
What is considered a severe TBI on the Glasgow Coma Scale?
< 8 for 6+ hours
Stroke increases the incidence of which cognitive disease?
Alzeimers
Cover and Overt strokes have the same symptoms (T/F)
F - covert stroke will not have the classical symptoms, and the person probably won’t even go to the doctor.
Which of the three pathogenic concepts of VCIs involves many small lesions adding together to result in cortical dementia syndrome?
accumulated cortical infarcts
which type of VCI results in dementia due to small and isolated lesions in important brain areas such as the thalamus (disruption connections between prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia or thalamus)?
Strategic subcortical infarcts.
which type of VCI involves lesions of white matter?
functional cortical disconnection
what deficits might you observe with a ACA stroke?
hemiplegia
sensory loss
a lesion in which artery will result in confusion, impaired memory and new learning, and confabulation?
Anterior communicating artery aneurysms (AcoA)
MCA strokes usually present with what?
hemiplegia
visual field loss
dysphagia
neglect (non dom)
PCA strokes tend to have…
cortical blindness (pupil still reacts) confusion impaired memory poor shape size and colour perception ability to perceive moving but not static objects
SMALLER VESSELS
need to fill in
The impact of cognitive deficits can be widespread, ranging from:
being unable to attend to the task (a)
not wanting to do it in the first place (b)
not being able to make choices and plan out the steps required (c)
not being able to block out unnecessary stimuli and inhibit reflexes (d)
not being able to self-monitor to see if strategy is working (e)
not able to place themselves into environment and situation (f)
(a) attention
(b) volition
(c) planning
(d) response inhibition
(e) response monitoring
(f) self-awareness
a lack of awareness of body parts and their relationship in the environment is a deficit of what?
body scheme (perceptual impairment)
a body scheme deficit can lead to difficulties with what?
dressing, transfers
what is anosognosia? This can happen with a lesion of which artery?
anosognosia is a denial or lack of awareness of the presence of deficits (perceptual impairment).
This can happen with a lesion of the inferior MCA
lesions of which artery(ies) can result in unilateral neglect?
MCA (usually non-dom) superior MCA (non-dom) inferior MCA PCA (non-dom)
note this is a perceptual not a cognitive impairment
figure ground perception is the ability to distinguish the ________(a) from the ________ (b)
(a) foreground
(b) background
what are the six main categories of cognitive skills?
- attention
- orientation
- memory
- problem solving
- explicit and implicit motor learning
- arousal/level of consiousness
name one test for body scheme disorders
McDonald Test
body scheme disorders encompasses many perceptual deficits including R/L discrimination, knowing which finger is which, Unilateral Neglect, anosognosia, and asomatognosia.
Apraxia is another perceptual deficit, which is:
the inability to perform some skilled movements even though the person has enough muscle strength, coordination, and sensation. This makes it very complex to treat, since the problem is more about putting components together which are all intact on their own (eg. “forgetting” how to put pieces together for walking).
Unilateral Neglect is a perceptual deficit that results in the inability to respond and use stimuli from the right or left side. There are two main types of neglect:
(a) ________
(b) ________
(a) allocentric - object to object
(b) egocentric - self to object
Which kind of paper and pencil tests can be good for detecting unilateral neglect?
line bisection test
apples cancellation test
bells test
alertness, selectivity, and conscious effort are components of which cognitive function?
attention
Broca’s aphasia is also known as ____ aphasia
expressive (motor)
Wernicke’s aphasia is also known as ____ aphasia
receptive (sensory)
anomia, agraphia, acalculia, and verbal apraxia are associated with broca or wernike’s aphasia?
broca’s - remember that expression is impaired for this one so writing and speaking are going to be messed up.
alexia, asymbolia are associated with which type of aphasia?
wernicke’s - problems with comprehension means that people will have issues with things like reading comprehension
The MMSE is used commonly for (a)__________, while the MoCA is used with (b)________
(a) TBI
(b) stroke
there are several neurological tests of executive functions, but the one to know is _____
Trail making Test (TMT)
The _______ test is part of the Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS).
Zoo Map
what two assumptions are necessary if focusing more on remedial treatment vs adaptive?
- the activities are providing training in the underlying skills of performance
- the skills acquired through this training can be transferred to functional activities
eg. practicing navigating through a mall in VR => training problem solving and decision making => should transfer to functional activities (hopefully).
how does cognitive load impact the gait speed of stroke patients compared to normal subjects?
gait speed does not reduce as much for stroke patients when given their first dual task as well as a novel dual task.
