Lecture / Chapter 3 Flashcards
1800 BC
iraq - primitive agriculture extension agents gave advice on how to grow better crops
461-429 BC
Athens city-state, development of “rhetoric” – male citizens free to debate/create/implement public policy - study of public opinions and methods of influencing it
rhetoric
social science based on research/planning/two way comms - seen as beginning of PR
100 BC
roman republic had philosophy of Vox populist (voice of the people) - led to roman downfall
middle ages (1445)
christianity spread through word of mouth, then Gutenberg bible via press - pamphlets w opinions, religious/political tracts, sharing of ideas via print
1600s
establishment of Congretio de Propaganda fide (congregation for the propagation of the faith) - est by Catholic Church to spread doctrine
georgiana cavendish
5th Duchess of Devonshire, traded kisses for votes for a friend’s election to parliament in 1784
1905
first organized pr effort in UK - national ass of local gov officers - educate public about role of local gov in British society
1880s
earliest development of PR profession in US - private owned businesses/industry embraced PR unlike private sector relations in UK which took place after WWIi
industrial revolution
growing pains led to redefined relationships among gov, business, people
progressive era / modern PR
period of reforms from 1890s to WWI in 1917. Democracy, social/gov institutions matured, public opinion grew more important, nation re-examind/redefined itself
social trends of progressive era
growth of institutions, expansion of democracy, improvement in comms, growth of advocacy, search for consensus
growth of institutions
social trend of prog era. larger companies, concentration of wealth, increased regulation of businesses, growth in size of gov, businesses/gov/labor orgs grew, need for effective comms increased
expansion of democracy
social trend of prog era. women right to vote, direct election of US senators, more people involved in political process, higher need for public discussion of policy issues. late 20th century black/minority groups got right to vote, 18 year olds right to vote during Vietnam war. democratic societies require better comms
improvement in comms
social trend of prog era. growth of national news services, national magazines, commercial radio (1920s), TV (1947), internet (1990s), SM (200s). Ability to comm w mass publics shifted from media companies to individuals
growth of advocacy
social trend of prog era. 1800s wave of immigrants came w old world politics to new world, increased political activism. Newspapers = instruments of social advocacy in early 20th century, WWII increased social advocacy, followed by civil/women/childrens/gay rights, environmentalism, consumerism, anti-war, multinationalism, rights for disabilities. advocators and communicators required PR skills
search for consensus
social trend of prog era. US went from melting pot to duality of US and cultural identities. need to span cultural/philosophical differences via comms
first ammendment
defines liberties that allow free practice of profession in first 45 words
cooke
headed US first fundraising drive - sold bonds to finance war effort
barnum
circus in 1871, “greatest show on earth” - father of press agentry in US, generated coverage through exageration/distortion/lies
burlington / Missouri railroad
1869, encouraged immigrant settlements in American west, Liverpool public information campaign
seedbed years (cutlip)
time when PR profession began to take root
mutual life insurance company
1888 created literary bureau to publicize services
publicity bureau
nations first PR agency, Boston 1900
wolf smith
opened first “publicity business” 1902
Parker lee agency
3rd US pr agency, 1904, folded 4 years later, credibility problems
Roosevelt
saw concentration of power by business as democracy threat - sued corporations to break up monopolies/increase competition. Used White House as “bully pulpit”, father of presidential news conference
Ledbetter Lee
formed Parker lee - bad rep of coal miners during strike, “declaration of principles” set precedent for PR ethical standards, didn’t live up to own words - accuracy was based not on “fact”, misled supporters, nazi sympathizer, “poison ivy”
Committee for public info
CPI / Creel Committee, est by Woodrow Wilson, rallied nation behind WWI - sent out 75 million pamphlets
four minute men
75 000 speakers gave 755190 talks to drum up home front morale talking during reel changes at cinemas
Bernays
father of PR, nephew of Freud, former reporter/press agent, worked w creel, “public relations counsel” and two way comms concept, first PR course at NYU, favoured licensing profession, regretted work for tobacco companies
Fleischman
mother of profession, married to Bernal’s, invisible business partner, writer fro tribune in 1914, freelance in 1916
Office of War Info
made by presidential order (1942). headed by Davis to coordinate/control flow of info to home front, engage in experiments of psychological warfare
Pre 20th century america
Boston tea party, federalist papers, first ammendment of US constitution
post war boom
office of war info became training ground for new practitioners
information age
new technology led to restructuring of workplace
new millenium
post 9/11 terror attacks - PR force to bring people together
colonization of Canada
fur trade, Hudson’s bay v Northwest trading company, trapping economy to agricultural to manufacturing to information
generational cohorts
characteristics based on common experiences, values, morals, decisions, present in workplace
