Lecture - Ch 2

Question 1

what are the 4 aspects of a disease process that form the core of pathology?

Answer 1

1) etiology
2) pathogenesis
3) morphologic changes
4) clinical manifestations (functional derangement)

Question 2

what is disease?

Answer 2

any deviation from (or interuption of) the normal structure or funciton of a part, organ, or a system of the body as manifested by characteristic symptoms and signs

Question 3

what is a disorder?

Answer 3

a derangment or abnormality of fx; a morbid physical or mental state/ condition

Question 4

what is a neoplasm?

Answer 4

any new and abnormal growth; specifically a new growth of tissue in which the growth is uncontrolled and progressive

Question 5

what is a syndrome?

Answer 5

a set of symptoms that occur together; a symptom complex; the sum of signs of any morbid state

Question 6

draw figure 2-1

Answer 6

ok

Question 7

when does a cell go from adaptation to cell injury?

Answer 7

when the limits of adaptive responses are exceeded or if cells are exposed to injurious agents or stress, deprived of essential nutrients, or become compromised by mutations that affect essential cellular constituents, a sequence of events follows that is termed cell injury

Question 8

what are adaptations?

Answer 8

reversible functional and structural responses to changes in physio states and some pathologic stimuli, during which new but altered steady states are achieved, allowing the cell to survive and continue to fx

Question 9

what are the 4 major adaptations?

Answer 9

hypertrophy

hyperplasia

atrophy

metaplasia

Question 10

what is hypertrophy

Answer 10

incr cell and organ size, often in response to workload; induced by growth factors produced in response to mechanical stress or other stimuli; occurs in tissues incapable of cell division

Question 11

what is hyperplasia?

Answer 11

incr cell numbers in response to hormones and other growth factors; occurs in tissues whose cells are able to divide or contain abundant tissue stem cells

Question 12

whats atrophy?

Answer 12

decreased cell and organ size, as a result of decreased nutrient supply or disuse;

• associated w decreased synthesis of cellular building blocks and increased breakdown of cellular organs

Question 13

what is metaplasia?

Answer 13

change in phenotype of differentiated cells, often in response to chronic irritation, that makes cells better able to withstand the stress;

• usually induced by altered differentiation pathway of tissue stem cells; may result in reduced functions or increased propensity for malignant transformation

Question 14

what is the mechanism of hypertrohy?

Answer 14

the result of increased production of cellular proteins

Question 15

what is physiologic hyperplasia due to?

Answer 15

the action of hormones or growth factors, which occurs in several circumstances:

• when there is a need to incr functional capacity of hormone sensitive organs
• when there is need for compensatory increase after damage or resection

Question 16

what is the mechanism of physiologic hyperplasia?

Answer 16

hyperplasia is the result of hormone/ growth factor-driven proliferation of mature cells, and in some cases, by increased output of new cells from tissue stem cells

Question 17

what is a characteristic response to papillomaviruses?

Answer 17

hyperplasia; causes skin warts and mucosal lesions composed of masses of hyperplastic epithelium.

= these viruses make factors that interfere with host proteins that regulate cell proliferation

Question 18

what are the 6 etiologies for pathologic atrophy?

Answer 18

• decreased workload (atrophy of disuse)
• loss of innervation (denervation atrophy)
• dimineshed blood supply (senile atrophy)
• inadequate nutrition
• loss of endocrine stimulation
• pressure

Question 19

what is the mechanism behind atrophy?

Answer 19

results fomr decreased protein synthesis (due to reduced metabolic activity) and increased protein degradation in cells ( by proteasomes and/ or as teh result of autophagy)

Question 20

what is the most common epithelial metaplasia?

Answer 20

columnar to sqamous, as occurs in the resp tract in response to chronic irritation

Question 21

what is concerning about metaplasia?

Answer 21

if the stress is persistent, it can initiate malignant transformation in metaplastic epithelium

Question 22

when it comes to cell injury or death, what is there a time lag between?

Answer 22

the stress

and

the morphological changes

Question 23

what two things about cell injury can exist simultaneously while the cell injury is still considered reversible?

Answer 23

• change in cell function
• biochemical alterations

Question 24

for cardiomyocytes, what are some morphological appearances of necrosis?

Answer 24

• the result of denaturation of intracellular proteins and enzymatic digestion of the lethally injured cell

Question 25

when can you see histologic features of necrosis in the cardiac cells, and what do you measure to note changes prior to this?

Answer 25

• 4-12 hours
• 0-4 hours - enzymes

Question 26

what are two microscopic features of reversible cell injury?

Answer 26

cellular swelling and fatty change